Table 2.

Digital Overuse and Addiction Traits (DOAT) by mental well-being, online activity, current tobacco smoker, and binge drinker.

			% Categorised “yes”#				% Higher DOAT∧
		n	Failed to cut down	Restless when stopped using	Negative impact on home/social	Negative impact on work*
Lower mental well-being£	No	871	20.0	11.0	6.7	6.6	11.9
	Yes	132	29.5	22.7	12.1	12.8	24.2
	X2		6.274	14.299	5.005	6.040	14.801
	P		0.012	<0.001	0.025	0.014	<0.001
Social media use tertiles‡	Low	359	10.0	5.3	3.6	3.7	5.8
	Moderate	330	21.5	12.4	7.3	8.3	12.4
	High	314	33.8	21.0	11.8	10.5	23.6
	X2		56.413	37.723	16.338	10.827	45.399
	P		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.004	<0.001
Frequency of internet access tertiles	Low	465	15.9	9.7	6.7	4.3	9.2
	Moderate	335	22.4	1.7	6.6	8.5	13.7
	High	203	31.5	17.2	10.3	12.5	23.2
	X2		20.993	7.986	3.281	14.167	23.325
	P		<0.001	0.018	0.194	<0.001	<0.001
Current smoker	No	840	20.1	11.8	6.4	7.4	12.6
	Yes	163	27.0	16.6	12.3	7.8	18.4
	X2		3.857	2.838	6.816	0.045	3.899
	P		0.049	0.092	0.009	0.832	0.048
Binge drinker	No	844	20.5	11.6	6.9	7.0	12.7
	Yes	159	25.2	17.6	10.1	9.9	18.2
	X2		1.737	4.383	1.993	1.565	3.530
	P		0.188	0.036	0.158	0.211	0.060

^#Experienced more than rarely in last 12 months, see methods; DOAT, Digital Overuse and Addiction Traits score.

^*Work excludes those who are neither in employment or students (n = 61).

^∧Higher DOAT (Digital Overuse and Addiction Traits) score is calculated as one standard deviation or more above the sample mean (see methods).

^£Mental well-being is calculated using the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (SWEMWBS). Lower mental well-being was calculated as below one standard deviation from the sample mean.

^‡Social media use was calculated as tertiles of a cumulative score (see methods).