Table 4.
Multinomial logistic regression analysis of factors related to mental well-being outcomes when using the internet for health-related issues.
| Self-esteem (Ref = No change; n = 883) | Feeling isolated (Ref = No change; n = 889) | Anxiety about health (Ref = No change; n = 848) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Worse (n = 30) | Better (n = 90) | Worse (n = 24) | Better (n = 90) | Worse (n = 24) | Better (n = 90) | |||||||||||
| Pm* | P | AOR (95% CI) | P | AOR (95% CI) | Pm* | P | AOR (95% CI) | P | AOR (95% CI) | Pm* | P | AOR (95% CI) | P | AOR (95% CI) | ||
| DOAT score (Ref = Not higher) | Higher | <0.001 | 0.031 | 2.64 (1.09–6.40) |
<0.001 | 3.86 (2.26–6.60) |
<0.001 | 0.001 | 5.60 (2.11–14.91) | 0.005 | 2.22 (1.27–3.86) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 4.80 (2.34–9.86) |
<0.001 | 2.80 (1.68–4.67) |
| Lower mental well-being (Ref = No) | Yes | 0.025 | 0.009 | 3.48 (1.37–8.81) |
0.185 | 1.54 (0.81–2.90) |
0.002 | 0.002 | 4.76 (1.77–12.82) | 0.040 | 1.88 (1.03–3.45) | 0.868 | 0.628 | 1.23 (0.53–2.85) |
0.766 | 1.10 (0.60–2.00) |
| Social media use tertiles (Ref = Low) | Moderate | 0.062 | 0.326 | 0.46 (0.10–2.15) |
0.250 | 1.54 (0.74–3.20) |
0.049 | 0.025 | 0.14 (0.02–0.78) | 0.479 | 1.27 (0.65–2.47) | 0.122 | 0.448 | 0.66 (0.22–1.94) |
0.246 | 1.44 (0.78–2.67) |
| High | 0.822 | 0.84 (0.19–3.67) |
0.010 | 2.79 (1.27–6.10) |
0.624 | 0.71 (0.18–2.76) | 0.174 | 1.66 (0.80–3.45) | 0.540 | 1.40 (0.48–4.15) |
0.038 | 2.05 (1.04–4.02) |
||||
| Internet access frequency tertiles (Ref = Low) | Moderate | 0.194 | 0.217 | 1.98 (0.67–5.86) |
0.652 | 1.14 (0.64–2.05) |
0.688 | 0.634 | 0.75 (0.22–2.49) | 0.598 | 1.16 (0.67–2.00) | 0.078 | 0.162 | 1.82 (0.79–4.22) |
0.731 | 1.10 (0.65–1.86) |
| High | 0.023 | 3.97 (1.21–13.09) |
0.289 | 1.43 (0.74–2.76) |
0.438 | 1.65 (0.47–5.82) | 0.812 | 0.92 (0.48–1.79) | 0.140 | 2.09 (0.79–5.57) |
0.020 | 1.95 (1.11–3.42) |
||||
| Current smoker (Ref = No) | Yes | 0.687 | 0.486 | 1.48 (0.49–4.45) |
0.647 | 0.86 (0.44–1.66) |
0.429 | 0.317 | 0.50 (0.13–1.95) | 0.411 | 0.76 (0.39–1.47) | 0.714 | 0.862 | 1.08 (0.45–2.60) |
0.445 | 0.79 (0.43–1.45) |
| Binge drinks weekly or more (Ref = No) | Yes | 0.181 | 0.629 | 1.26 (0.49–3.27) |
0.101 | 0.55 (0.27–1.12) |
0.695 | 0.998 | 1.00 (0.32–3.11) | 0.406 | 0.76 (0.40–1.45) | 0.448 | 0.333 | 0.64 (026–1.59) |
0.379 | 0.76 (0.42–1.39) |
| Age (years; Ref = 60+) | 18–29 | 0.019 | 0.021 | 9.20 (1.39–61.03) |
0.282 | 1.68 (0.65–4.32) |
0.101 | 0.049 | 6.40 (1.01–40.64) | 0.320 | 1.62 (0.64–4.18) | 0.168 | 0.029 | 6.64 (1.21–36.40) |
0.679 | 1.19 (0.53–2.68) |
| 30–39 | 0.122 | 4.32 (0.68–27.62) |
0.167 | 1.87 (0.77–4.56) |
0.145 | 3.90 (0.63–24.30) | 0.008 | 3.10 (1.34–7.19) | 0.044 | 5.60 (1.04–30.01) |
0.683 | 1.17 (0.55–2.48) |
||||
| 40–49 | 0.656 | 0.56 (0.04–7.11) |
0.261 | 1.65 (0.69–3.95) |
0.289 | 2.71 (0.43–17.04) | 0.143 | 1.91 (0.80–4.52) | 0.020 | 6.76 (1.35–33.93) |
0.418 | 1.35 (0.65–2.79) |
||||
| 50–59 | 0.740 | 0.66 (0.06) |
0.689 | 1.21 (0.48–3.04) |
0.530 | 1.88 (0.26–13.55) | 0.241 | 1.68 (0.71–4.00) | 0.799 | 1.30 (0.17–9.76) |
0.841 | 1.08 (0.51–2.27) |
||||
| Gender (Ref = Male) | Female | 0.103 | 0.041 | 2.56 (1.04–6.29) |
0.818 | 1.06 (0.66–1.71) |
0.518 | 0.403 | 0.67 (0.27–1.70) | 0.401 | 0.82 (0.52–1.30) | 0.021 | 0.443 | 1.31 (0.66–2.61) |
0.007 | 1.83 (1.18–2.83) |
| Deprivation (Ref = Poorest 1) | 2 | 0.108 | 0.115 | 3.11 (0.76–12.78) |
0.795 | 1.12 (0.49–2.57) |
0.555 | 0.324 | 2.08 (0.49–8.93) | 0.588 | 0.80 (0.35–1.81) | 0.965 | 0.892 | 1.08 (0.37–3.11) |
0.918 | 1.04 (0.52–2.06) |
| 3 | 0.403 | 1.89 (0.43–8.41) |
0.355 | 1.48 (0.64–3.41) |
0.260 | 2.52 (0.51–12.54) | 0.319 | 1.48 (0.69–3.18) | 0.328 | 0.54 (0.16–1.86) |
0.690 | 0.86 (0.42–1.79) |
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| 4 | 0.240 | 2.42 (0.55–10.63) |
0.006 | 2.95 (1.35–6.44) |
0.109 | 3.58 (0.75–17.05) | 0.253 | 1.56 (0.73–3.34) | 0.763 | 0.85 (0.28–2.53) |
0.778 | 1.11 (0.55–2.24) |
||||
| 5 | 0.425 | 1.82 (0.42–7.97) |
0.488 | 1.35 (0.58–3.16) |
0.216 | 2.91 (0.54–15.75) | 0.395 | 1.39 (0.65–2.98) | 0.867 | 1.09 (0.39–3.08) |
0.853 | 0.93 (0.46–1.92) |
||||
| Rurality (Ref = Rural) | Urban | 0.563 | 0.301 | 0.56 (0.19–1.69) |
0.793 | 1.08 (0.60–1.98) |
0.555 | 0.974 | 1.02 (0.28–3.70) | 0.276 | 0.73 (0.42–1.28) | 0.084 | 0.235 | 0.61 (0.27–1.38) |
0.084 | 1.64 (0.94–2.87) |
| Health Board Sampling Strata∧ | 0.024 | 0.042 | 0.096 | |||||||||||||
DOAT, Digital Overuse and Addiction Traits score; AOR, Adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; Ref, Reference category; Pm, Overall P value for the independent variable.
∧
Overall P values for the variable health board sampling strata are shown but P-values for each individual sampling area are not included in order to limit table size.