Table 2.
Hemodynamic and neuromonitoring variables before (T0) and after (T1) passive leg raising test, fluid challenge, and norepinephrine.
| Passive leg raising test (n = 23) | Fluid challenge (n = 22) | Norepinephrine (n = 14) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | T0 | T1 | p-Value | T0 | T1 | p-Value | T0 | T1 | p-Value |
| Hemodynamics | |||||||||
| MAP (mm Hg) | 63 (59–64.5) | 69 (67.5–71.5) | <0.001* | 61 (59–65) | 69 (67–72) | <0.001* | 63.5 (61–64) | 69 (66–71) | <0.001* |
| HR (bpm) | 76 (66.5–88.5) | 77 (67–86) | 0.822 | 75.5 (67–89) | 75 (67–92) | 0.910 | 76.5 (65–87) | 78.5 (67–87) | 0.239 |
| Hb (g/dL) | 7.9 (7.6–8.4) | 8.2 (7.9–8.4) | 0.132 | 7.7 (7.1–8.6) | 8.5 (8.1–8.8) | 0.434 | 8.3 (7.8–8.4) | 8.8 (8.2–9) | 0.432 |
| PVI | 20 (16–24) | 15.5 (12–19) | <0.001* | 20 (16–24) | 16 (12–19) | <0.001* | 19 (16–23) | 19 (15–23) | 0.324 |
| Pi | 3 (3–4) | 4 (4–5) | <0.001* | 3 (3–4) | 4 (4–5) | <0.001* | 3 (3–4) | 4 (3–4) | 0.046* |
| Neuromonitoring | |||||||||
| rSo2 (%) | 52 (51–59.5) | 57 (54–63.5) | <0.001* | 55 (52–60) | 58 (56–65) | <0.001* | 54.5 (53–62) | 61.5 (61–66) | 0.001* |
| ΔcHbi | 4.7 (3.6–6.6) | 6 (5–8) | <0.001* | 5.3 (3.1–7) | 6.6 (4.5–8.4) | <0.001* | 5.3 (4.3–8.1) | 7.3 (5.4–10.5) | 0.001* |
| ΔO2Hbi | 3.8 (2.8–4.5) | 4.1 (3.2–5) | <0.001* | 3.5 (2.8–4.6) | 3.9 (3.2–5.6) | <0.001* | 3.9 (3.2–4.3) | 5.7 (3.9–7.1) | 0.001* |
| ΔHHbi | 1.1 (0.8–1.9) | 2.1 (1.8–2.9) | <0.001* | 1.2 (0.4–2.1) | 2.4 (1.4–3.1) | <0.001* | 1.8 (0.7–2.9) | 1.9 (0.9–3) | 0.143 |
| nICPPI (mm Hg) | 18.6 (17.7–19.6) | 19.3 (18.2–19.8) | 0.009* | 19.6 (14.8–21.1) | 18.2 (16.4–19.1) | 0.153 | 17.6 (16.5–20.3) | 17.5 (16.5–19.9) | 0.216 |
| nICPFVd (mm Hg) | 12.9 (8.5–18) | 15 (10.5–19.7) | 0.001* | 10.9 (6.7–15.7) | 14.4 (5.6 (21.1) | 0.004* | 10 (6.9–21.3) | 12.2 (5.5–22.6) | 0.022* |
| nCPP (mm Hg) | 49.9 (42.1–53.8) | 54.5 (49.3–59.6) | <0.001* | 49.6 (44.8–61.1) | 54.9 (50.7–65) | <0.001* | 53.5 (41.2–60.5) | 57.4 (45.3–62.5) | <0.001* |
| CVR (mm Hg/cm per second) | 1.1 (1–1.2) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | <0.001* | 1.1 (1–1.2) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | <0.001* | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | 1.2 (1.2–1.3) | 0.001* |
| Others | |||||||||
| ETCO2 (mm Hg) | 43 (40–47) | 46 (43–52.5) | 0.001* | 43 (38–51) | 46.5 (44–50) | 0.047* | 43.5 (38–47) | 45 (41–55) | 0.001* |
| Spo2 (%) | 90 (88–92) | 91 (88–92) | 0.854 | 90 (89–92) | 91 (89–92) | 0.357 | 89.5 (87–94) | 89.5 (87–94) | 0.317 |
| DeltaSpo2-rSo2 (%) | 36 (32–38.5) | 32 (28–35.5) | <0.001* | 35 (30–37) | 32 (27–35) | <0.001* | 33 (29–37) | 26 (25–32) | 0.001* |
Values are expressed as median and interquartile range if not otherwise specified. Hemodynamic and neuromonitoring variables before (T0) and after (T1) passive leg raising test, fluid challenge, and norepinephrine. Values are expressed as median and interquartile range if not otherwise specified. rSo2, cerebral oxygenation saturation; Delta O2Hbi (ΔO2Hbi), variation of the oxygenated component of the hemoglobin (Hb); Delta HHbi (ΔHHbi), variations of the deoxygenated component of Hb; Delta cHbi (ΔcHbi), sum of the values of ΔO2Hbi and ΔHHbi in the calculation of rSo2 value (ΔcHbi = ΔHHbi + ΔO2Hbi); ΔSpo2-rSo2, difference between the value of Spo2 and rSo2; N, number; MAP, mean arterial pressure; HR, heart rate; Pi, perfusion index; PVI, pleth variability index; ETCO2, end-tidal carbon dioxide; nCPP, non-invasive cerebral perfusion pressure; nICPPI, non-invasive intracranial pressure (ICP) based on pulsatility index; nICPFVd, non-invasive ICP based on flow velocity diastolic (FVd) formula; CVR, cerebrovascular resistance.
p < 0.05.