Table 1.

Adjusted predictions of health-related outcomes by caregiving and changes in parental caregiving.

	Non-caregivers (%)	Caregivers (%)	Parental caregivers, personal care → / ↓ (%)	Parental caregivers, personal care ↑ (%)
Worsened health	8	7	6	6
Affected by COVID-19	7	9	13	13
Felt sad/depressed more often	16	19**	13	27***
Felt anxious/nervous more often	21	26**	21	36***
Had trouble sleeping more often	8	10	10	12
Felt lonely more often	12	13	11	12
N	49,969	1,710	439	452

Data: SHARE Wave 8 COVID-19 Survey 1, release version: 0.0.1 beta and SHARE Wave 8, release version: 0 (weighted). Entries are adjusted predictions, controlling for sex; age; level of education; household composition; area of living; economic status; (self-) employment; self-rated health; ADL, IADL, and GALI before the pandemic; and respondent's country. Significance level:

^*p < 0.05,

^**p < 0.01,

^***p < 0.001 [significances based on average marginal effects (AMEs) refer to respective previous column].