Table 2. Effects of different parameters on rumination in the MOH group and the CG.
| Characteristics | MOH (n=83) | CG (n=81) | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Rumination | n | Rumination | |||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| <40 | 44 | 90.73±23.18 | 45 | 57.29±12.66 | <0.001 | |
| ≥40 | 39 | 98.33±26.14 | 36 | 56.67±12.83 | <0.001 | |
| p-value | 0.180 | 0.962 | ||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 11 | 81.64±20.83 | 22 | 59.82±9.96 | <0.001 | |
| Female | 72 | 96.24±24.87 | 59 | 55.97±13.45 | <0.001 | |
| p-value | 0.038 | 0.302 | ||||
| Residence | ||||||
| City | 65 | 93.00±23.84 | 68 | 56.10±13.22 | <0.001 | |
| Village | 18 | 99.00±28.09 | 13 | 61.77±7.95 | 0.001 | |
| p-value | 0.323 | 0.111 | ||||
| Education | ||||||
| Elementary school | 6 | 93.67±26.45 | - | - | ||
| High school | 44 | 97.52±23.96 | 27 | 60.37±9.44 | <0.001 | |
| College | 33 | 90.12±25.65 | 54 | 55.33±13.77 | <0.001 | |
| p-value | 0.518 | 0.131 | ||||
| Marriage status | ||||||
| Married | 57 | 95.67±25.03 | 33 | 55.88±15.32 | <0.001 | |
| Divorced | 7 | 91.57±30.22 | 13 | 54.69±10.32 | 0.003 | |
| Widower | 1 | 122 | 5 | 56.00±7.45 | 0.333 | |
| Unmarried | 18 | 89.50±22.18 | 30 | 59.43±11.01 | <0.001 | |
| p-value | 0.561 | 0.429 | ||||
| Working status | ||||||
| Work | 55 | 92.89±24.77 | 56 | 56.20±13.22 | <0.001 | |
| Doesn't work | 25 | 95.28±25.40 | 24 | 59.17±11.46 | <0.001 | |
| Retired | 3 | 112.00±17.32 | 1 | 51.00 | 0.500 | |
| p-value | 0.330 | 0.586 | ||||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Yes | 36 | 102.56±25.03 | - | - | ||
| No | 47 | 87.98±22.85 | - | - | ||
| p-value | 0.008 | - | ||||
| Type of comorbidities | ||||||
| Cardiovascular | 10 | 108.20±20.76 | - | - | ||
| Pulmological | 7 | 107.14±27.82 | - | - | ||
| Rheumatological | 9 | 107.33±23.01 | - | - | ||
| Endocrinological | 7 | 85.71±31.54 | - | - | ||
| Neurological+psychiatric | 3 | 98.00±15.62 | - | - | ||
| p-value | 0.578 | - | ||||
| Smoking | ||||||
| Yes | 34 | 97.15±22.14 | 30 | 55.90±12.37 | <0.001 | |
| No | 49 | 92.33±26.47 | 51 | 57.67±12.90 | <0.001 | |
| p-value | 0.459 | 0.433 | ||||
| Alcohol use | ||||||
| Yes daily or often (several times during the week) | 4 | 82.75±26.68 | 12 | 58.67±13.66 | 0.013 | |
| No | 79 | 94.88±24.71 | 69 | 56.72±11.62 | <0.001 | |
| p-value | 0.283 | 0.852 | ||||
| Caffeine use | ||||||
| Yes (more than 3 cups of coffee per day) | 74 | 94.40±25.23 | 70 | 57.86±11.71 | <0.001 | |
| No | 9 | 85.22±19.33 | 11 | 51.64±17.30 | <0.001 | |
| p-value | 0.218 | 0.403 | ||||
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Yes (several times during the week) | 8 | 87.50±23.96 | 27 | 56.89±12.70 | <0.001 | |
| No | 75 | 95.03±24.89 | 54 | 57.07±12.75 | <0.001 | |
| p-value | 0.312 | 0.673 | ||||
Data are presented as mean±standard deviation unless otherwise indicated. No differences were observed comparing rumination in MOH vs. CG regarding number of children or family number (data are not shown).
CG: control group, MOH: medication overuse headache.