Table 1.
Intracellular survival of S. aureus has been shown across a range of cell types and involving multiple mechanisms.
| Cell type | Strain | Mechanism | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phagocytes | |||
| BMDCs | PS80 | Accumulation of autophagosomes permits intracellular survival and replication. | (10) |
| Murine alveolar macrophages MH-S | Newman | Delayed acidification of phagosomes and persistence inside acidic compartments. | (17) |
| THP-1 | USA300 LAC | Survival within acidic phagosomes that increase agr expression and perturb phagolysosome formation. | (18) |
| RAW264.7 | Mu3 | Vancomycin resistance regulator VraR enhances the induction of autophagy for intracellular survival. | (19) |
| USA300 LAC Newman |
Growth observed in phagolysosomes dependent on acidic pH and the bacterial GraXRS regulatory system. | (20) | |
| Human Monocyte derived Macrophages | Newman | Viable and dividing bacteria observed within vacuoles days after infection leading to host cell lysis. | (14) |
| Human PMN | USA300 LAC PS80 |
S. aureus resides in autophagosomes and delays apoptosis enabling prolonged intracellular survival. | (21) |
| Larval Zebrafish Neutrophils | SH1000 | LC3-associated phagocytosis enables intracellular survival within non-acidified phagosomes. | (13) |
| Epithelial cells | |||
| A459 | Cowan | SCV and non-replicating persister formation in response to low pH of phagolysosomes enables persistence. | (22) |
| HaCaT | USA300 LAC | Survival observed in cytosol and autophagosomes. Selective advantage gained for agr mutants via autophagic suppression of the inflammasome. | (23) |
| HeLa | USA300 JE2 | Intracellular survival, phagosomal escape and cytotoxicity dependent on multiple bacterial proteins. | (24) |
| 293T | USA300 LAC 6850 |
Uses PSMα to escape host phagosome leading to bacterial replication in the host cytosol. | (25) |
| Endothelial cells | |||
| EA.hy926 | USA300 LAC | Replication within the host cytoplasm followed by cell lysis and escape. Non-dividing bacterial cells also observed intracellularly. | (26) |
| HUVECs | 6850 | SCVs fail to induce inflammatory response and persist intracellularly for several days. | (27) |
| Bone cells | |||
| Murine Osteoclasts | USA300 LAC | Low intracellular bacterial number colocalized with phagolysosome whilst high bacterial number colocalized within non-acidic compartments. | (28) |
| Human osteocyte-like cells | WCH-SK2 | Rapid generation of SCVs after intracellular invasion. | (29) |