TABLE 4.
Clinical characteristics, risk factors, treatment and outcome of reported COVID‐19‐associated mucormycosis
| Author/year/References | Country | Age/gender | Outcome | Surgical intervention | Antifungal treatment | Clinical form of mucormycosis | Interval between diagnosis of COVID‐19 and mucormycosis occurrence (days) | Mucormycosis‐associated risk factor | Local/systemic corticosteroid therapy | O2 supplementation | Underlying Conditions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mehta S/2020 26 | India | M/60 | Died | Yes | AMB | ROCM | 12 | Uncontrolled diabetes, Steroid for COVID‐19 | Yes‐ IV methylprednisolone and dexamethasone | NIV, MV | Diabetes |
| Sen et al./2021 27 | India | M/46 | Survived | Yes | AMB, VRZ, PSZ | ROCM | 0 | Uncontrolled diabetes, Steroid for COVID‐19 | No | NA | Diabetes |
| M/61 | Survived | Yes | AMB, PSZ | ROM | 17 | Uncontrolled diabetes, Steroid for COVID‐19 | Yes‐ IV methylprednisolone, oral prednisolone | NA | Diabetes, HTN | ||
| M/74* | Survived | Yes | AMB, PSZ | ROCM | 30 | Diabetes, Steroid for COVID‐19 | Yes‐ IV dexamethasone, oral prednisolone | NA | Diabetes, HTN, CAD | ||
| M/73 | Survived | Yes | AMB, PSZ | ROCM | 14 | Uncontrolled diabetes, Steroid for COVID‐19 | Yes‐ oral prednisolone | NA | Diabetes | ||
| M/62 | Survived | Yes | AMB, PSZ | ROCM | 42 | Uncontrolled diabetes, Steroid for COVID‐19 | Yes‐ IV dexamethasone | NA | Diabetes, HTN | ||
| M/62 | Survived | Yes | AMB | ROCM | 3 | Uncontrolled diabetes, Steroid for COVID‐19 | Yes‐ IV dexamethasone | NA | Diabetes, CAD | ||
| Sarkar et al./2021 28 | India | 10 cases**/M (n = 8), F (n = 2)/45.5 | Survived (n = 6), Died (n = 4) | Yes (n = 7) | AMB (n = 10) | ROM (n = 9), ROCM (n = 1) | NA | Diabetes (n = 1), DKA (n = 9), steroid for COVID‐19 (n = 10) | Yes‐ IV dexamethasone (n = 10) | MV (n = 9) |
Diabetes (n = 10) |
| Moorthy et al./2021 29 | India | 17 cases/M (n = 15), F (n = 2)/55 | Survived (n = 11) | Yes | AMB | SM (n = 3), ROM (n = 6), ROCM (n = 5), RCM (n = 3) | NA | Uncontrolled diabetes (n = 15) | Yes (n = 15) | NA | Diabetes (n = 15) |
| Died (n = 6) | |||||||||||
| Karimi Galougahi et al./2021 30 | Iran | F/61 | Survived | Yes | Systemic antifungals | ROM | 21 | Glucocorticoid‐induced diabetes, Steroid for COVID‐19 | Yes | NA | No |
| Veisi et al./2021 31 | Iran | F/40 | Died | Yes | AMB | ROCM | 15 | Steroid for COVID‐19 | Yes‐ IV dexamethasone | NA | No |
| M/54 | Survived | Yes | AMB, PSZ | ROM | 7 | Diabetes, Steroid for COVID‐19 | Yes‐ IV dexamethasone | NIV | Diabetes | ||
| Werthman/2020 32 | USA | F/33 | Died | Yes | AMB | ROCM | 2 | DKA | No | NA | Diabetes, Asthma, HTN |
| Mekonnen/2020 33 | USA | M/60 | Died | Yes | AMB, CSP, PSZ | ROM | 7 | Uncontrolled diabetes, Steroid for COVID‐19 | Yes‐ IV dexamethasone | MV | Diabetes, Asthma, HTN, Hyperlipidaemia |
| Dallalzadeh et al./2021 34 | USA | M/48 | Died | No | AMB/ISZ | ROM | 6 | Diabetes, Steroid for COVID‐19 | Yes‐IV dexamethasone | MV | Diabetes |
| Hanley/2020 35 | UK | M/22 | Died | No | No | Disseminated (involving the hilar lymph nodes, heart, brain, and kidney)/ | NA | Steroid for COVID‐19 | Yes | MV | Pancreatitis |
| Waizel‐Haiat et al./2021 36 | Mexico | F/24 | Died | No | AMB | ROM | 1 | DKA | NA | MV | Obesity, Diabetes |
Abbreviations: AMB, amphotericin B; CAD, coronary artery disease; CSP, caspofungin; DKA, diabetes ketoacidosis; F, female; HTN, hypertension; ISZ, isavuconazole; ISZ, isavuconazole; IV, intravenous; M, male; NA, not applicable (not mentioned in the article); NIV, non‐invasive ventilation; PSZ, posaconazole; RCM, rhino‐cerebral mucormycosis; ROCM, rhino‐orbito‐cerebral mucormycosis; ROM, rhino‐orbital mucormycosis; SM, sinonasal mucormycosis; VRZ, voriconazole.
As per the EORTC‐MSG criteria, the case was categorised as possible mucormycosis.
As per the EORTC‐MSG criteria, three patients were defined to have possible mucormycosis.