TABLE 3.

Clinical effects of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) or MSC-EVs in COVID19

Name of the clinical trial	Study	Dose	Frequency	Route	Patient enrolled	Survival rate	Laboratory outcomes	Image outcomes (X ray/CT)
Treatment of severe COVID-19 with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (randomized)	Shu et al.79	2 × 106 cells/kg	Once	i.v	41(MSC-12/Placebo-29)	100%	↓ Plasma C reactive protein (CRP), IL-6; ↑oxygenation index, lymphocyte count	CT scores, the number of lobes involved, GGO, and consolidation better than control group
Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy in patients with COVID-19: a phase 1 clinical trial (nonrandomized)	Meng et al.80	3 × 107 cells	three cycles	i.v	18(MSC-9/Placebo-9)	100%	↓ IL-6; ↑PaO2/FiO2, lymphocyte count	N/A
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation (nonrandomized)	Sanchez-Guijo et al.81	0.98 × 106 cells/kg	1/2/3 cycles	i.v	13	85%	↓CRP, IL-6, LDH, D-dimer; ferritin; ↑lymphocyte count, CD4+/CD8+ T cell	Radiologic improvement in 40% of evaluable patients
Exosomes Derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as treatment for severe COVID-19 (nonrandomized)	Sengupta et al.82	15 ml	Once	i.v	24	83%	↓CRP, D-dimer, ferritin; ↑neutrophil count, CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocyte counts	N/A