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Ex vivo transdermal delivery of NIR dye-labeled SF. (A) The NIR dye, ZW800-1C-NHS-ester, was conjugated with proteins in the secretome. (B) Macroscopic visualization of transport of secretome into the ex vivo porcine skin with the assistance of physical penetration enhancers (PPEs). (C) The quantification data based on the FLARE images indicated the combinatorial application of IP and roller enhanced the transport of secretome transdermally (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01) (Scale bar = 1 cm).
