Table 2.
Meta-analysis showing the pooled adjusted risk of unfavorable COVID-19 outcomes in subjects with asthma or COPD.
| Study details | Meta-analysis | Heterogeneity | Publication bias | GRADE rating | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lung disease | Number of studies | Number of participants | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | I2 | Egger bias and p-value | |
| Hospitalisation | |||||||
| Asthma | 7 | 1,087,689 | 0.873 (0.726–1.049) | 0.148 | 85.355 | 0.747p = 0.678 | Moderate (downgraded due to high heterogeneity) |
| COPD | 6 | 588,025 | 1.390 (1.307–1.478) | <0.001 | 4.236 | 1.453p = 0.050 | Moderate (downgraded due to possible publication bias) |
| ICU admission | |||||||
| Asthma | 4 | 167,849 | 0.746 (0.545–1.020) | 0.067 | 87.198 | −1.979p = 0.653 | Moderate (downgraded due to high heterogeneity) |
| COPD | 9 | 197,108 | 1.336 (1.139–1.566) | <0.001 | 66.643 | 1.537p = 0.075 | Moderate (downgraded due to high heterogeneity) |
| Mortality (aORs) | |||||||
| Asthma | 7 | 876,759 | 0.827 (0.711–0.961) | 0.013 | 61.481 | 0.007p = 0.996 | Moderate (downgraded due to high heterogeneity) |
| COPD | 17 | 950,502 | 1.276 (1.176–1.385) | <0.001 | 34.508 | 0.881p = 0.038 | Moderate (downgraded due to possible publication bias) |
| Mortality (aHRs from Cox regression models) | |||||||
| Asthma | 4 (5 outcomes) | 122,786 | 0.930 (0.865–1.000) | 0.049 | 64.176 | 1.400p = 0.414 | Moderate (downgraded due to high heterogeneity) |
| COPD | 8 (9 outcomes) | 123,886 | 1.296 (1.170–1.436) | <0.001 | 88.386 | 2.179p = 0.093 | Moderate (downgraded due to high heterogeneity) |
GRADE, Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations; COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio.