TABLE II.
Treatment Effects on Sleep
| Night sleep | Time in bed | Sleep efficiency | Nap sleep | 24-Hr sleep | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
| Devices+Encouragement only | 0.32*** | 0.53*** | −0.54 | 0.00 | 0.33*** |
| (0.08) | (0.09) | (0.66) | (0.00) | (0.08) | |
| Devices+Incentives only | 0.49*** | 0.84*** | −1.14 | 0.00 | 0.49*** |
| (0.08) | (0.09) | (0.70) | (0.00) | (0.08) | |
| Nap only | −0.13* | −0.11 | −0.72 | 0.25*** | 0.09 |
| (0.08) | (0.09) | (0.72) | (0.01) | (0.08) | |
| Devices+Encouragement and nap | 0.21*** | 0.40*** | −1.06 | 0.24*** | 0.42*** |
| (0.07) | (0.08) | (0.66) | (0.01) | (0.08) | |
| Devices+Incentives and nap | 0.48*** | 0.58*** | 0.90 | 0.24*** | 0.70*** |
| (0.08) | (0.09) | (0.68) | (0.01) | (0.08) | |
| Control mean | 5.61 | 8.07 | 69.86 | 0.00 | 5.61 |
| Control std. dev. | 1.20 | 1.37 | 11.28 | 0.00 | 1.20 |
| Participant-nights | 8,454 | 8,454 | 8,454 | 7,191 | 8,035 |
| Participants | 451 | 451 | 451 | 450 | 451 |
Notes. This table reports the treatment effect of the night sleep and nap interventions on sleep patterns. Each column shows the OLS estimates of equation (1) including dummies for each treatment arm and controlling for the average baseline measure of the dependent variable (ANCOVA), age, sex, and day-in-study and date fixed effects. Each row shows coefficients of treatment cells compared to the control group that receives no sleep-related treatments. Night sleep, time in bed, nap sleep, and 24-hour sleep (columns (1), (2), (4), and (5)) are measured in hours. Sleep efficiency (column (3)) is the ratio of night sleep and time in bed (multiplied by 100 for clarity). 24-hour sleep is the sum of nap sleep in the office and night sleep. Standard errors are clustered at the participant level. Stars next to coefficients reflect unadjusted p-values (* significant at 10%; ** at 5%; *** at 1%).