Table 1.

Excess mortality and agglomeration, regional wealth, density, accessibility, and connectivity

Dependent variable: Excess mortality in the first 6 months of 2020	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
	Agglomeration		Regional wealth	Density	Accessibility and connectivity
	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS
Population 2019 (ln)	1.588
	(1.186)
GDP 2018 (ln)		2.163*
		(1.174)
GDP per capita 2018 (ln)			10.243**
			(4.496)
Population density 2018 (ln)				1.960**
				(0.876)
Air passengers 2018 (ln)					0.155		−0.053
					(0.212)		(0.175)
Accessibility by road 2014 (ln)						7.156***	7.218***
						(1.550)	(1.537)
Country fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No. of regions	206	192	192	206	206	201	201
R 2	0.367	0.383	0.408	0.389	0.353	0.518	0.518
Adjusted R 2	0.287	0.307	0.335	0.312	0.271	0.455	0.452
Degrees of freedom	182	170	170	182	182	177	176

Note: Clustered standard errors at regional (NUTS2) level in parentheses.

^*** p < 0.01.

^** p < 0.05.

^* p < 0.1.