Table 2.

Excess mortality and age structure, education, readiness of the health system, and environmental conditions

Dependent variable: Excess mortality in the first 6 months of 2020	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)	(13)
	Age structure			Education	Health system			Air pollution			Climate
	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS
Median population age 2019	−0.606*
	(0.337)
Share of population over 65 2019		−50.631*
		(29.443)
Share of population over 75 2019			−63.008
			(46.960)
Share of adults with higher education 2017				0.236**
				(0.075)
Doctors per capita 2017 (ln)					−3.570		−3.286
					(5.186)		(5.303)
Hospital beds per capita 2017 (ln)						−2.943	−3.186
						(5.700)	(4.195)
Air pollution 2016 (ln)								7.993
								(4.981)
Total household carbon footprint 2010 (ln)									1.726
									(1.270)
Average household carbon footprint 2010 (ln)										21.416** (8.103)
Average temperature 2019											−1.335**		−1.499**
											(0.344)		(0.391)
Average precipitation 2019												−0.705	−1.130
												(1.261)	(1.333)
Country fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
No. of regions	206	205	205	204	174	180	162	195	172	172	197	197	197
R 2	0.386	0.382	0.370	0.400	0.295	0.287	0.301	0.380	0.378	0.413	0.430	0.385	0.433
Adjusted R 2	0.308	0.304	0.290	0.324	0.208	0.192	0.208	0.301	0.300	0.340	0.354	0.304	0.354
Degrees of freedom	182	181	181	180	154	158	142	172	152	152	173	173	172

Note: Clustered standard errors at regional (NUTS2) level in parentheses.

^* p < 0.1.

^** p < 0.01.

***p < 0.05.