Table 1.
Functions of the substances of host- and parasite-derived exosomes in schistosomiasis.
| Source | Cargo | Target cells | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parasite: schistosome |
Metabolic enzymes | Host cells | Metabolic processes | (38) |
| Signal proteins | Signal transduction | (38) | ||
| Schistosomal antigens | Potential therapeutic targets | (63) | ||
| Transport and storage proteins | Obtain nutrients | (41, 43) | ||
| Exosomal markers | Potential therapeutic strategy | (37, 41) | ||
| Proteasome | Potential therapeutic targets | (37) | ||
| Biological process | ||||
| N-glycans | moDCs | DC maturation and cytokines release | (58) | |
| Bantam miRNAs | Macrophages | Promote inflammatory responses | (64) | |
| Host cells | Potential therapeutic strategy | (37) | ||
| Macrophages | Promote inflammatory responses | (64) | ||
| miR-10 | T helper cells | Downregulate Th2 immune response | (55) | |
| miR-148a | Macrophages | Reduce macrophage polarization | (65) | |
| sja-miR-3096 | Hepatoma cells | Inhibits proliferation and migration of hepatoma cells | (66) | |
| sja-miR-2162 | HSC | Activation and fibrogenesis | (67) | |
| sja-miR-1 | HSC | Activation and fibrogenesis | (68) | |
| sja-miR-71a | HSC | Inhibit Activation and fibrogenesis | (69) | |
| LPC, PGD2 | Eosinophils | Promote hepatic tissue repair | (70) | |
| Host hUCMSC | Not studied | HSC | Reduce HSC activation and liver injury | (71) |
| Host DCs | Not studied | Not studied | Reduce inflammation responses | (72) |
DC, dendritic cells; HSC, hepatic stellate cell; hUCMSC, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; miR/miRNA, micro ribonucleic acid; PGD2, prostaglandin-D2; sja, Schistosoma japonicum.