Table 3.

Exosomal substances as potential vaccine targets.

Type of vaccine	Identified name	Exosomes from S. mansoni adult worm (41)	Exosomes from S. mansoni schistosomula (33)	Exosomes from S. japonicum adult worm (37)	S. mansoni egg (108)
Identified vaccine target (41)	Enolase	√	√	√	√
	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	√	√	√	√
	Glutathione S-transferase 26 kDa	√	√	√	√
	Calpain	√	√	√	√
	Leucine ami peptidase	√
	14-3-3 protein	√	√		√
	Annexin	√	√	√	√
	Tetraspanin	√	√	√
	Cytoplasmic dynein light chain	√			√
	Dynein light chain	√	√	√	√
	Syntenin	√
	Antigen Sm21.7	√	√		√
	Tegument antigen 22.6	√		√
	Sm29	√	√
	Heat shock protein 70	√	√	√	√
	Saposin B domain-containing protein	√		√	√
	Thioredoxin peroxidase	√
	Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase	√
Potential vaccine target (107, 109, 110)	Lipid	√	√	√	√
	Sterol	√	√	√	√
	Triose Phosphate Isomerase	√	√	√	√
	Glyceraldehyde-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase	√
	programmed cell death protein		√
	Adenosylhomocysteinase, putative	√		√	√
	Glutathione S-transferase 28 kDa	√	√	√	√
	Glucose transport protein	√
	Tubulin	√		√	√
	Histone H3	√			√
	Histone H4	√		√	√
	Histone H2B	√			√
	Chaperonin containing t-complex protein 1	√
	T-complex protein 1 subunit alpha			√	√

Common schistosomal vaccine targets detected in different exosome species. Vaccine targets are classified according to the specific stages and types of exosome origins. If the target exists in relevant exosomes, it is a tick; if not, it is blank.