Table 1.

Systemic manifestations of the main endocrine diseases.

Disease	Systemic manifestations
Hypothyroidism	Bradycardia, diastolic hypertension, anemia, weight gain, hypercholesterolemia (2)
Hyperthyroidism	Tachycardia, systolic hypertension, atrial fibrillation, osteoporosis (3)
Hypoparathyroidism	Cardiac arrhythmias (QT prolongation), tissue calcifications (basal ganglia, nephrocalcinosis) (4)
Primary hyperparathyroidism	Osteoporosis, nephrolithiasis, renal failure, pancreatitis (5)
Addison’s disease	Hypotension, hypoglycemia, and electrolyte imbalances (particularly in forms also associated with mineralocorticoid deficiency) (6)
Cushing’s syndrome	Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, osteoporosis (7)
Hyperaldosteronism	Hypertension, electrolyte imbalances with hypernatremia and hypokalemia that can lead to fatal arrhythmias (8)
Pheochromocytoma	Hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, fatal arrhythmias, impaired glucose metabolism (9)
Acromegaly	Hypertension, hyperglycemia, heart failure, increased cancer risk, dyslipidemia (10)
GH deficiency	Increased visceral adipose tissue, risk of fracture, and atherogenic lipid profile, and decreased lean mass, skeletal muscle strength, cardiac capacity, BMD, and increased (11)
Male hypogonadism	Osteoporosis, impaired glucose metabolism, obesity, anemia (12)
Diabetes mellitus	Micro- and macrovascular complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, increased risk of cardiovascular events) (13)