Table 1.
Maternal and child characteristics by the ADBB score.
| Total | ADBB <5 | ADBB ≥ 5 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 114) | (N = 95) | (N = 19) | ||
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Maternal age, mean (SD) | 30.2 (4.0) | 30.1 (4.0) | 31.0 (3.9) | 0.336 |
| Maternal education, n (%) | 0.123a | |||
| High school or less | 10 (8.8) | 10 (10.5) | 0 | |
| College | 20 (17.5) | 18 (18.9) | 2 (10.5) | |
| Undergraduate | 63 (55.3) | 51 (53.7) | 12 (63.2) | |
| Master or above | 21 (18.4) | 16 (16.8) | 5 (26.3) | |
| Maternal income, n (%) | 0.599a | |||
| <1,500 CNY | 12 (10.5) | 11 (11.6) | 1 (5.3) | |
| 1,501–4,500 CNY | 20 (17.5) | 17 (17.9) | 3 (15.8) | |
| 4,501–9,000 CNY | 43 (37.7) | 34 (35.8) | 9 (47.4) | |
| >9,000 CNY | 28 (24.6) | 24 (25.3) | 4 (21.1) | |
| Refuse to answer | 11 (9.6) | 9 (9.5) | 2 (10.5) | |
| Abnormal SAS or SDS, n (%) | 28 (26.4) | 23 (26.4) | 5 (26.3) | 0.991 |
| Cesarean delivery, n (%) | 32 (28.1) | 29 (30.5) | 3 (15.8) | 0.089 |
| Gestational age at delivery, n (%) | ||||
| 37–38 W | 36 (31.6) | 29 (30.5) | 7 (36.8) | 0.551 |
| 39–41 W | 78 (68.4) | 66 (69.5) | 12 (63.2) | |
| Child characteristics | ||||
| Child age, n (%) | 0.013a | |||
| 3 M | 22 (19.3) | 21 (95.5) | 1 (4.5) | |
| 6 M | 37 (32.5) | 33 (89.2) | 4 (10.8) | |
| 12 M | 32 (28.1) | 24 (75.0) | 8 (25.0) | |
| 18–24 M | 23 (21.2) | 17 (73.9) | 6 (26.1) | |
| Boys, n (%) | 53 (46.5) | 40 (42.1) | 13 (68.4) | 0.011 |
| Birth order, n (%) | ||||
| First birth | 69 (60.5) | 58 (61.1) | 11 (57.9) | 0.760 |
| Second or later birth | 45 (39.5) | 37 (38.9) | 8 (42.1) | |
| Birth weight z-score, mean (SD) | 0.04 (0.8) | 0.06 (0.8) | −0.04 (0.8) | 0.607 |
| Difficult temperament, n (%) | 31 (31.1) | 26 (30.6) | 5 (35.7) | 0.509 |
| Abnormal ASQ:SE score, n (%) | 12 (10.5) | 0 | 12 (63.2) | <0.001a |
| ASQ-3 delay in each domain, n (%) | N = 107 | N = 89 | N = 18 | |
| Communication | 6 (5.6) | 5 (5.6) | 1 (5.6) | 1.000a |
| Gross motor | 12 (11.2) | 8 (9.0) | 4 (22.2) | 0.102a |
| Fine motor | 15 (14.0) | 11 (12.4) | 4 (22.2) | 0.270a |
| Problem-solving | 17 (15.9) | 16 (18.0) | 1 (5.6) | 0.317a |
| Personal-social | 14 (12.3) | 12 (13.5) | 2 (11.1) | 1.000a |
| At least one delay | 34 (31.8) | 27 (30.3) | 7 (38.9) | 0.419 |
a
Fisher's exact test was used instead of the χ2 test as there were expected frequencies <1 or ≥ 20% of the expected frequencies ≤ 5.
ADBB, Alarm Distress Baby Scale; SAS, Self-rating Anxiety Scale; SDS, Self-rating Depression Scale; ASQ:SE, Ages & Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional; ASQ-3, Ages & Stages Questionnaires – Third Edition.