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. 2021 Jun 28;14:11786469211026639. doi: 10.1177/11786469211026639

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© The Author(s) 2021

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 2. — Behavioral abnormalities in maternal immune activation (MIA) mice. (a) Locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior in novel and habituated environments. Total distance traveled for 10 minutes was measured as an index of locomotor activity on 2 consecutive days. Time spent in each area was measured. A significant decrease in time spent in the center of the open field, which is an indicator of increased anxiety-like behavior, was observed in MIA mice, but not in control mice (Student’s t-test, *P < .05 vs control mice). Additionally, habituation to a novel environment was evaluated. The ratio (percentage) of total distance traveled on the second day to that traveled on the first day was significantly decreased in both groups during repeated trials, suggesting no changes in habituation of MIA mice to the novel environment [two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test: *P < .05, ***P < .001 vs percentage of the first day]. (b) Spontaneous activity and working memory in the Y-maze test. Total arm entries and alternation behavior were measured during an 8-minutes session. (c) Object recognition memory was measured in a novel object-based recognition test (NORT). A memory retention session was performed 24 hours after the training session. The discrimination index was calculated as described in the Methods (Student’s t-test: ***P < .001 vs control mice). (d) Three-chamber social approach test. Duration parameters are presented as investigation times (two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test: *P < .05, **P < .01 vs Empty; ^###P < .001 vs stranger1). No significant difference was observed between groups. Empty, empty cage. (e) Five-trial social recognition memory test. The investigation time in repeated trials was significantly shorter in MIA mice than in control mice (Trials 1 and 5; two-way repeated measures ANOVA: *P < .05, **P < .01 vs control mice). (f) Immobility of MIA and control mice in a forced swimming test (FST) (Student’s t-test: *P < .05 vs control mice). Data are presented as means ± standard error of the mean (SEM; n = 7-11).