Table 3. Comparison of Demographic and Clinical Parameters by Presence of Plaque.
| Parameter | Participants, No./total No. (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All participants (n = 755) | Coronary plaque | |||
| None (n = 387) | Present (n = 368) | P value | ||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 50.8 (5.8) | 49.5 (5.5) | 52.2 (5.8) | <.001 |
| Natal sex | ||||
| Women | 124 (16.4) | 86 (22.2) | 38 (10.3) | <.001 |
| Men | 631 (83.6) | 301 (77.8) | 330 (89.7) | |
| Race | ||||
| White | 406 (53.8) | 185 (47.8) | 221 (60.1) | .006 |
| Black or African American | 267 (35.4) | 158 (40.8) | 109 (29.6) | |
| Asian | 10 (1.3) | 6 (1.6) | 4 (1.1) | |
| Othera | 72 (9.5) | 38 (9.8) | 34 (9.2) | |
| Ethnicityb | ||||
| Hispanic or Latinx | 182 (24.1) | 97 (25.1) | 85 (23.1) | .83 |
| Not Hispanic or Latinx | 563 (74.6) | 285 (73.6) | 278 (75.5) | |
| Unknown | 10 (1.3) | 5 (1.3) | 5 (1.4) | |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
| Smoking status | ||||
| Current | 181 (24.0) | 90 (23.3) | 91 (24.8) | .13 |
| Former | 235 (31.2) | 110 (28.5) | 125 (34.1) | |
| Never | 337 (44.8) | 186 (48.2) | 151 (41.1) | |
| Substance use | ||||
| Current | 16 (2.1) | 9 (2.3) | 7 (1.9) | .05 |
| Former | 367 (48.8) | 171 (44.4) | 196 (53.4) | |
| Never | 369 (49.1) | 205 (53.3) | 164 (44.7) | |
| Family history of premature CVD | 168 (22.3) | 73 (18.9) | 95 (26.0) | .02 |
| Hypertensionc | 238 (31.5) | 105 (27.1) | 133 (36.1) | .01 |
| Diabetes | 3 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.8) | .12 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 27.3 (4.4) | 27.3 (4.6) | 27.3 (4.2) | .97 |
| Fasting glucose, mean (SD), mg/dL | 93.2 (12.6) | 92.2 (11.5) | 94.3 (13.7) | .03 |
| eGFR, mean (SD), mL/min/1.73m2 | 88.5 (16.4) | 89.4 (16.4) | 87.4 (16.4) | .10 |
| Entry fasting lipids, mean (SD) | ||||
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 107.9 (30.3) | 104.0 (29.7) | 111.9 (30.4) | <.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 50.5 (18.5) | 51.4 (19.1) | 49.6 (17.9) | .17 |
| Cardiovascular medications | ||||
| Prior statin use | 59 (7.8) | 20 (5.2) | 39 (10.6) | .006 |
| Antihypertensive medication | 149 (19.7) | 64 (16.5) | 85 (23.1) | .03 |
| ASCVD risk score, median (IQR), % | 4.5 (2.6-6.8) | 3.8 (2.0-5.8) | 5.3 (3.3-7.8) | <.001 |
| HIV parameters | ||||
| Total ART use duration, y | ||||
| <5 | 120 (15.9) | 67 (17.3) | 53 (14.4) | .19 |
| 5-10 | 199 (26.4) | 109 (28.2) | 90 (24.5) | |
| >10 | 436 (57.8) | 211 (54.5) | 225 (61.1) | |
| Entry regimen | ||||
| ART regimen by class | ||||
| NRTI with INSTI | 335 (44.4) | 166 (42.9) | 169 (45.9) | .77 |
| NRTI with NNRTI | 196 (26.0) | 107 (27.7) | 89 (24.2) | |
| NRTI with PI | 127 (16.8) | 67 (17.3) | 60 (16.3) | |
| NRTI sparing | 22 (2.9) | 10 (2.6) | 12 (3.3) | |
| Other NRTI containing | 75 (9.9) | 37 (9.6) | 38 (10.3) | |
| Entry NRTI | ||||
| Abacavir | 128 (17.2) | 51 (13.3) | 77 (21.3) | .03 |
| TDF | 379 (50.9) | 209 (54.4) | 170 (47.1) | |
| TAF | 211 (28.3) | 111 (28.9) | 100 (27.7) | |
| Other | 27 (3.6) | 13 (3.4) | 14 (3.9) | |
| Protease exposure | 464 (61.5) | 227 (58.8) | 237 (64.4) | .12 |
| TDF exposure | 694 (92.0) | 360 (93.3) | 334 (90.8) | .23 |
| Abacavir exposure | 253 (33.6) | 109 (28.2) | 144 (39.2) | .002 |
| Thymidine exposure | 289 (38.4) | 126 (32.6) | 163 (44.4) | .001 |
| CD4 category, cells/mm3 | ||||
| <350 | 112 (14.8) | 53 (13.7) | 59 (16.0) | .27 |
| 350-499 | 148 (19.6) | 84 (21.7) | 64 (17.4) | |
| ≥500 | 495 (65.6) | 250 (64.6) | 245 (66.6) | |
| Nadir CD4 category, cells/mm3 | ||||
| <50 | 163 (21.6) | 72 (18.6) | 91 (24.7) | .28 |
| 50-199 | 218 (28.9) | 116 (30.0) | 102 (27.7) | |
| 200-349 | 202 (26.8) | 105 (27.1) | 97 (26.4) | |
| ≥350 | 148 (19.6) | 79 (20.4) | 69 (18.8) | |
| Unknown | 24 (3.2) | 15 (3.9) | 9 (2.5) | |
| Inflammation and immune activation biomarkers, median (IQR) | ||||
| Insulin, μIU/mL | 6.7 (4.5-11.7) | 6.7 (4.4-11.7) | 6.8 (4.7-11.8) | .29 |
| sCD14, ng/mL | 1817 (1527-2184) | 1838 (1549-2188) | 1786 (1468-2176) | .18 |
| sCD163, ng/mL | 842 (625-1089) | 839 (615-1107) | 842 (628-1087) | .67 |
| MCP-1, pg/mL | 185 (146-242) | 180 (139-229) | 194 (155-252) | <.001 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 1.58 (0.99-2.79) | 1.45 (0.96-2.60) | 1.71 (1.05-3.04) | .008 |
| LpPLA2, ng/mL | 130 (92-168) | 120 (85-157) | 136 (103-177) | <.001 |
| oxLDL, mU/L | 53.1 (41.9-69.9) | 50.4 (40.4-64.2) | 56.6 (45.0-73.3) | <.001 |
| hsCRP, mg/dL | 0.18 (0.08-0.36) | 0.16 (0.08-0.34) | 0.19 (0.08-0.40) | .10 |
| hsCRP categories | ||||
| Lower risk, <0.10 | 219/742 (29.5) | 121/380 (31.8) | 98/362 (27.1) | .17 |
| Average risk, 0.10-0.30 | 301/742 (40.6) | 155/380 (40.8) | 146/362 (40.3) | |
| Higher risk, 0.31-1.00 | 161/742 (21.7) | 80/380 (21.1) | 81/362 (22.4) | |
| Highest risk, >1.00 | 61/742 (8.2) | 24/380 (6.3) | 37/362 (10.2) | |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; INSTI, integrase strand inhibitor; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LpPLA2, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; NNRTI, non–nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; oxLDL, oxidized LDL; sCD14, soluble CD14; sCD163, soluble CD163; TAF, tenofovir alafenamide; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
SI conversion factors: To convert hsCRP to milligrams per liter, multiply by 10; insulin to picomoles per liter, multiply by 6.945; glucose to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555; and HLD-C and LDL-C to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259.
Other race includes participants self-identifying as Native or Indigenous to the enrollment region; more than 1 race (with no single race noted as predominant); or of unknown race.
Ethnicity presented per National Institutes of Health definition.
Hypertension defined as current diagnosis of hypertension, currently receiving an antihypertensive, or blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg.