. 2021 Jun 29;4(6):e2112404. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.12404

Table 2. Mean and Median m-Indexes by Specialty, Position, and Sex, 2009-2018.

Specialty and rank	Mean m-index		Publication	Discusses possible causes?	Discusses intervention?
Specialty and rank	Women	Men	Publication	Discusses possible causes?	Discusses intervention?
Radiation oncology
Assistant professor	0.43 (n = 137)^a	0.43 (n = 274)^a	Holliday et al,⁴ 2014	No	No
Associate professor	0.7 (n = 54)^a	0.54 (n = 115)^a
Professor or chair	0.74 (n = 34)^a	1 (n = 211) ^a
Other	0.29 (n = 68)^a	0.36 (n = 138) ^a
Overall	0.47 (n = 293)^a	0.58 (n = 738) ^a		Yes; fewer women in higher academic ranks
Urology
Instructor	0.14 (n = 21) ^a	0.19 (n = 201) ^a	Mayer et al,³⁹ 2017	No	No
Assistant professor	0.46 (n = 141) ^a	0.43 (n = 603) ^a
Associate professor	0.65 (n = 46) ^a	0.68 (n = 315) ^a
Chair or division chief	1.19 (n = 3) ^a	0.97 (n = 126) ^a
Professor	0.79 (n = 25) ^a	0.88 (n = 441) ^a
Overall	0.5 (n = 236) ^a	0.6 (n = 1686) ^a		Yes; larger proportion of men at senior-level positions than women; longer career duration for men; women are more likely to pursue clinical-educator track; women are pigeonholed (relegated to less academically productive subspecialties); women have more familial responsibilities than men	Yes; more same-sex mentors and better opposite-sex mentors to provide better mentorship for female urologists
Neurosurgery overall	0.64 (n = 81)	0.72 (n = 1144)	Khan et al,³¹ 2014	Yes; women produce fewer but more significant impact publications	No

^{^a}

Median instead of mean.