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Comparison of aggregated annual healthcare costs for Europe of cancer (yellow), diabetes mellitus (pink) and CKD. Costs of CKD (increasingly dark blue for each of the successive stages) are a composite of early CKD (Stages 1–2 not on dialysis or living with a functioning transplant), more advanced stages of CKD (Stages 3–5 not on dialysis or living with a functioning transplant), transplantation and dialysis. Sources and approaches for calculation: see Supplementary data.
