Table 3.
Clinical management of patients with COVID-19 during hospital stay
| Category | Clinical management | Pulmonary opacity group, n (%) | P value* | P value† | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (N = 496) (%) |
≤ 5% (N = 142) (%) |
6–20% (N = 123) (%) |
21–40% (N = 135) (%) |
41% + (N = 96) (%) |
||||
| Supportive treatments | Inotropic and vasoconstrictive agents | 5(1.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 1(0.7) | 4(4.2) | 0.0079 | 0.0014 |
| Nasal cannula | 178(35.9) | 34(23.9) | 33(26.8) | 58(43.0) | 53(55.2) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| Mask | 13(2.6) | 0(0.0) | 1(0.8) | 2(1.5) | 10(10.4) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy | 20(4.0) | 2(1.4) | 4(3.3) | 2(1.5) | 12(12.5) | 0.0002 | < 0.0001 | |
| Non-invasive ventilation | 29(5.8) | 2(1.4) | 3(2.4) | 4(3.0) | 20(20.8) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 5(1.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 1(0.7) | 4(4.2) | 0.0079 | 0.0007 | |
| Prone position | 15(3.0) | 1(0.7) | 2(1.6) | 2(1.5) | 10(10.4) | 0.0003 | < 0.0001 | |
| Continuous renal replacement therapy | 1(0.2) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 1(1.0) | 0.1935 | 0.1339 | |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 2(0.4) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 1(0.7) | 1(1.0) | 0.4553 | 0.0507 | |
| Medical drugs | Traditional Chinese medicine | 79(15.9) | 8(5.6) | 14(11.4) | 27(20.0) | 30(31.3) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
| Immunoglobulin | 134(27.0) | 15(10.6) | 33(26.8) | 33(24.4) | 53(55.2) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| Interferon | 387(78.0) | 117(82.4) | 94(76.4) | 99(73.3) | 77(80.2) | 0.2906 | 0.4539 | |
| Antioxidants | 134(27.0) | 22(15.5) | 27(22.0) | 38(28.1) | 47(49.0) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| Glucocorticoid | 123(24.8) | 12(8.5) | 19(15.4) | 41(30.4) | 51(53.1) | < 0.0001 | < .0001 | |
| Thymosin | 130(26.2) | 19(13.4) | 27(22.0) | 39(28.9) | 45(46.9) | < 0.0001 | < .0001 | |
| Neurotrophic drugs | 95(19.2) | 15(10.6) | 17(13.8) | 35(25.9) | 28(29.2) | 0.0002 | < 0.0001 | |
| Any antibiotics | 283(57.1) | 53(37.3) | 65(52.8) | 89(65.9) | 76(79.2) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| Any antivirals | 471(95.0) | 135(95.1) | 116(94.3) | 128(94.8) | 92(95.8) | 0.9762 | 0.6806 | |
*P value from testing differences in proportions among different pulmonary opacity groups
†P value from trend test of linear pulmonary opacity effect in generalized linear model in which pulmonary opacity (%) was included as the only predictor