Table 1.

In-hospital and potential late sequelae in COVID-19 patients with myocarditis

Acute phase		Potential late sequelae
Clinical presentation	Instrumental findings
Fever, chest pain, dyspnea, syncope HF with normal or dilated left ventricle and reduced EF HF with normal or dilated left ventricle and arrhythmias Cardiogenic shock Sudden cardiac death	Elevated troponin/BNP/CRP/IL6 ECG: ST segment abnormalities, T wave inversion, arrhythmias Echocardiography: normal-sized or dilated left ventricle with normal or reduced EF; pericardial effusion CMR: global or regional anomalies of T2 signal, late gadolinium enhancement Histology: immune cell infiltrates, fibrosis, myocytolysis	Left/right ventricular dysfunction Tachyarrhythmias High degree of heart block Chronic pericardial effusion Sudden cardiac death Recovery

EF ejection fraction, BNP brain natriuretic peptide, CMR cardiac magnetic resonance, CRP C reactive protein, ECG electrocardiogram, HF heart failure, IL6 interleukin 6