Table 2.

Univariable and multivariable analyses identifying factors associated with depression in the participants

Characteristics	OR	95% CI	p-value	AOR	95% CI	p-value
Sex
Male	1.00			1.00
Female	1.45	1.03 – 2.06	0.036*	2.09	1.30 – 3.35	0.002*
Tribe
Akha	1.00
Lahu	1.98	1.36—2.89	< 0.001*
Mien	2.49	1.44 – 4.30	0.001*
Lisu	2.09	1.15 – 3.80	0.015*
Age (years)
40–59	1.00
≥ 60	0.98	0.70 – 1.38	0.926
Religion
Buddhist	1.93	1.39 – 2.70	< 0.001*
Christian	1.00
Marital status
Single	1.00
Married	1.38	0.94 – 2.02	0.096
Education
Not educated beyond primary school	1.77	0.38–3.66	0.078
High school and higher	1.00
Having an income
No	1.14	0.82 – 1.58	0.445
Yes	1.00
Family debt
No	1.00
Yes	1.71	1.22 – 2.40	0.002*
Living situation
With family member	1.00
Alone	1.77	0.79–3.66	0.676
History of psychoactive substance use
No	1.00			1.00
Yes	1.52	1.09 – 2.13	0.014*	1.97	1.25 – 3.10	0.003*
Smoking
No	1.00
Yes	2.21	1.04–2.09	0.027*
Alcohol use
No	1.00
Yes	1.20	0.80–1.79	0.372
Having a medical condition
No	1.00
Yes	1.87	1.33 – 2.63	< 0.001*
Experiencing stress 6 months prior
No	1.00			1.00
Yes	8.58	5.77 – 12.76	< 0.001*	6.43	4.20 – 9.85	< 0.001*
Reduction in ability to complete housework
No	1.00
Yes	1.77	0.89–2.66	0.081
Living independently with no need for interaction with people
No	1.00
Yes	8.10	4.43–15.23	< 0.001*
Reduced work productivity within the previous 6 months
No	1.00
Yes	6.59	4.41–10.32	< 0.001*
Knowledge
Low	2.11	0.71–4.66	0.399
Moderate	1.89	0.51–3.95	0.067
High	1.00
Attitude
Poor	0.97	0.77–4.41	0.321
Neutral	1.13	0.5505.17	0.171
Good	1.00

^*Significance level at α = 0.05