Table 1.
Factors associated with having xerostomia, taste disturbance, burning mouth and two or more oral sensory complaints (univariate analysis)
| Total | Xerostomia | Taste disturbance | Burning mouth | 2OSC | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 43) | no (n = 21) | yes (n = 22) | p value | no (n = 31) | yes (n = 12) | p value | no (n = 30) | yes (n = 13) | p value | no (n = 28) | yes (n = 15) | p value | ||
| Characteristics | ||||||||||||||
| Age | mean ± SD | 48.7 ± 4.7 | 49.2 ± 3 | 48.3 ± 5.8 | 0.92 | 48.9 ± 5.2 | 48.3 ± 2.9 | 0.25 | 48.5 ± 5.1 | 49.2 ± 3.4 | 0.89 | 48.5 ± 5.4 | 49.3 ± 2.8 | 0.86 |
| BMI | mean ± SD | 22.3 ± 3.7 | 22.6 ± 3.6 | 21.9 ± 3.9 | 0.34 | 21.9 ± 3.9 | 23.2 ± 3.4 | 0.17 | 21.6 ± 3.2 | 23.8 ± 4.5 | 0.08 | 21.6 ± 3.4 | 23.5 ± 4.2 | 0.13 |
| Married | n (%) | 31 (72.1) | 17 (81.0) | 14 (63.6) | 0.21 | 23 (74.2) | 8 (66.7) | 0.45 | 23 (76.7) | 8 (61.5) | 0.26 | 22 (78.6) | 9 (60.0) | 0.17 |
| Children | n (%) | 12 (27.9) | 4 (19.0) | 8 (36.4) | 0.21 | 8 (25.8) | 4 (33.3) | 0.45 | 6 (20.0) | 6 (46.2) | 0.09 | 6 (21.4) | 6 (40.0) | 0.17 |
| Job | n (%) | 36 (83.7) | 19 (90.5) | 17 (77.3) | 0.23 | 25 (80.6) | 11 (91.7) | 0.36 | 25 (83.3) | 11 (84.6) | 0.65 | 24 (85.7) | 12 (80.0) | 0.47 |
| Smoking | n (%) | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.5) | 0.51 | 1 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.72 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (7.7) | 0.30 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.7) | 0.35 |
| Medical history | ||||||||||||||
| Hypertension | n (%) | 5 (11.6) | 3 (14.3) | 2 (9.1) | 0.48 | 4 (12.9) | 1 (8.3) | 0.57 | 3 (10.0) | 2 (15.4) | 0.48 | 3 (10.7) | 2 (13.3) | 0.58 |
| Psychosis | n (%) | 5 (11.6) | 1 (4.8) | 4 (18.2) | 0.19 | 3 (9.7) | 2 (16.7) | 0.43 | 1 (3.3) | 4 (30.8) | 0.02 | 1 (3.6) | 4 (26.7) | 0.04 |
| Medication | ||||||||||||||
| Number of drugs | mean ± SD | 2.2 ± 4.4 | 0.7 ± 1.1 | 3.6 ± 5.7 | 0.07 | 1.5 ± 3.2 | 3.9 ± 6.3 | 0.04 | 1.3 ± 3.1 | 4.1 ± 6.2 | 0.04 | 0.8 ± 1.8 | 4.7 ± 6.4 | < 0.001 |
| CNS agent | n (%) | 7 (16.3) | 2 (9.5) | 5 (23.8) | 0.21 | 3 (10.0) | 4 (33.3) | 0.09 | 2 (6.7) | 5 (41.7) | 0.01 | 1 (3.6) | 6 (42.9) | 0.00 |
| Antihypertensive | n (%) | 3 (7.0) | 1 (4.8) | 2 (9.5) | 0.50 | 2 (6.7) | 1 (8.3) | 0.65 | 1 (3.3) | 2 (16.7) | 0.19 | 1 (3.6) | 2 (14.3) | 0.25 |
| Adverse effect of medication | ||||||||||||||
| Xerostomia | n (%) | 15 (34.9) | 7 (33.3) | 8 (38.1) | 0.75 | 8 (26.7) | 7 (58.3) | 0.06 | 8 (26.7) | 7 (58.3) | 0.06 | 6 (21.4) | 9 (64.3) | 0.01 |
| Taste disturbance | n (%) | 10 (23.3) | 5 (23.8) | 5 (23.8) | 1.00 | 8 (26.7) | 2 (16.7) | 0.4 | 7 (23.3) | 3 (25.0) | 0.60 | 6 (21.4) | 4 (28.6) | 0.44 |
| Burning mouth | n (%) | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.8) | 0.31 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (8.3) | 0.29 | 1 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.71 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (7.1) | 0.33 |
| Sleep | ||||||||||||||
| Sleeping duration (min) | mean ± SD | 356.7 ± 82.7 | 346.2 ± 55.5 | 366.8 ± 102.6 | 0.39 | 349.4 ± 88.5 | 375.8 ± 64.9 | 0.17 | 348 ± 85.8 | 376.9 ± 74.3 | 0.08 | 349.3 ± 84.1 | 370.7 ± 80.9 | 0.11 |
| Lach of sleeping time | n (%) | 18 (41.9) | 8 (38.1) | 10 (45.5) | 0.62 | 13 (41.9) | 5 (41.7) | 0.99 | 14 (46.7) | 4 (30.8) | 0.33 | 12 (42.9) | 6 (40.0) | 0.86 |
| Quarity of sleeping | n (%) | 19 (44.2) | 8 (38.1) | 11 (50.0) | 0.43 | 13 (41.9) | 6 (50.0) | 0.63 | 13 (43.3) | 6 (46.2) | 0.86 | 12 (42.9) | 7 (46.7) | 0.81 |
| Quarity of life | ||||||||||||||
| SDS total | mean ± SD | 42.3 ± 9.7 | 38.9 ± 8.6 | 45.6 ± 9.7 | 0.05 | 41.4 ± 9.5 | 44.7 ± 10.3 | 0.24 | 41.5 ± 10 | 44.2 ± 9.1 | 0.45 | 40.9 ± 9.7 | 45.1 ± 9.4 | 0.21 |
| PCS | mean ± SD | 47.6 ± 10.3 | 49.4 ± 8.2 | 45.9 ± 11.9 | 0.22 | 48.4 ± 9.4 | 45.5 ± 12.5 | 0.46 | 47.5 ± 9.5 | 47.7 ± 12.3 | 0.83 | 49.2 ± 7.3 | 44.6 ± 14.2 | 0.33 |
| MCS | mean ± SD | 45.0 ± 9.7 | 49.4 ± 7.6 | 40.8 ± 9.8 | < 0.001 | 46.9 ± 8.8 | 40 ± 10.7 | 0.05 | 47.2 ± 9 | 39.7 ± 9.7 | 0.03 | 47.9 ± 8.3 | 39.4 ± 10.1 | 0.01 |
| RCS | mean ± SD | 50.6 ± 11.3 | 53.8 ± 7.2 | 47.6 ± 13.7 | 0.23 | 51.9 ± 9.4 | 47.2 ± 15.1 | 0.43 | 49.9 ± 12 | 52.2 ± 9.6 | 0.62 | 51.2 ± 10 | 49.5 ± 13.7 | 0.96 |
| Threaten of cancer | n (%) | 37 (86.0) | 18 (85.7) | 19 (86.4) | < 0.001 | 27 (87.1) | 10 (83.3) | 0.55 | 25 (83.3) | 12 (92.3) | 0.40 | 25 (89.3) | 12 (80.0) | 0.34 |
| Menopause | ||||||||||||||
| Menopause | n (%) | 17 (39.5) | 7 (33.3) | 10 (45.5) | 0.31 | 15 (48.4) | 2 8(16.7) | 0.06 | 11 (36.7) | 6 (46.2) | 0.40 | 11 (39.3) | 6 (40.0) | 0.61 |
| Treatment of menopausal symptom | n (%) | 5 (11.6) | 1 (4.8) | 4 (18.2) | 0.19 | 2 (6.5) | 3 (25.0) | 0.12 | 4 (13.3) | 1 (7.7) | 0.52 | 2 (7.1) | 3 (20.0) | 0.22 |
| Number of menopausal symptom | mean ± SD | 11.3 ± 5.0 | 8.6 ± 4.0 | 13.9 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 | 10.2 ± 4.3 | 14.2 ± 5.6 | 0.02 | 10.3 ± 4.3 | 13.7 ± 5.7 | 0.04 | 9.3 ± 3.8 | 15.1 ± 4.8 | < 0.001 |
| Hot flashes of face or upper body | n (%) | 23 (53.5) | 11 (52.4) | 12 (54.5) | 0.89 | 15 (48.4) | 8 (66.7) | 0.28 | 18 (60.0) | 5 (38.5) | 0.19 | 14 (50.0) | 9 (60.0) | 0.53 |
| Sweat easily | n (%) | 29 (67.4) | 14 (66.7) | 15 (68.2) | 0.92 | 20 (64.5) | 9 (75.0) | 0.39 | 20 (66.7) | 9 (69.2) | 0.58 | 17 (60.7) | 12 (80.0) | 0.17 |
| Unable to fall asleep at night | n (%) | 14 (32.6) | 7 (33.3) | 7 (31.8) | 0.92 | 8 (25.8) | 6 (50.0) | 0.13 | 8 (26.7) | 6 (46.2) | 0.18 | 6 (21.4) | 8 (53.3) | 0.04 |
| Fall asleep but often awake at night | n (%) | 23 (53.5) | 8 (38.1) | 15 (68.2) | 0.05 | 13 (41.9) | 10 (83.3) | 0.01 | 13 (43.3) | 10 (76.9) | 0.04 | 11 (39.3) | 12 (80.0) | 0.01 |
| Easily excitable, often irritable | n (%) | 29 (67.4) | 10 (47.6) | 19 (86.4) | 0.01 | 19 (61.3) | 10 (83.3) | 0.15 | 19 (63.3) | 10 (76.9) | 0.31 | 17 (60.7) | 12 (80.0) | 0.17 |
| Always anxious | n (%) | 22 (51.2) | 5 (23.8) | 17 (77.3) | < 0.001 | 13 (41.9) | 9 (75.0) | 0.05 | 13 (43.3) | 9 (69.2) | 0.12 | 10 (35.7) | 12 (80.0) | 0.01 |
| Worry about minor things | n (%) | 26 (60.5) | 8 (38.1) | 18 (81.8) | < 0.001 | 18 (58.1) | 8 (66.7) | 0.44 | 16 (53.3) | 10 (76.9) | 0.15 | 14 (50.0) | 12 (80.0) | 0.06 |
| Worry and often become depressed | n (%) | 23 (53.5) | 4 (19.0) | 19 (86.4) | < 0.001 | 14 (45.2) | 9 (75.0) | 0.08 | 15 (50.0) | 8 (61.5) | 0.49 | 11 (39.3) | 12 (80.0) | 0.01 |
| Lack of energy, easily tired | n (%) | 25 (58.1) | 7 (33.3) | 18 (81.8) | < 0.001 | 16 (51.6) | 9 (75.0) | 0.16 | 15 (50.0) | 10 (76.9) | 0.10 | 12 (42.9) | 13 (86.7) | 0.01 |
| Tired feeling of eyes | n (%) | 38 (88.4) | 16 (76.2) | 22 (100.0) | 0.02 | 27 (87.1) | 11 (91.7) | 0.57 | 25 (83.3) | 13 (100.0) | 0.15 | 23 (82.1) | 15 (100.0) | 0.10 |
| Forgetful | n (%) | 29 (67.4) | 13 (61.9) | 16 (72.7) | 0.45 | 21 (67.7) | 8 (66.7) | 0.61 | 19 (63.3) | 10 (76.9) | 0.31 | 18 (64.3) | 11 (73.3) | 0.40 |
| Dizziness | n (%) | 17 (39.5) | 7 (33.3) | 10 (45.5) | 0.42 | 9 (29.0) | 8 (66.7) | 0.03 | 11 (36.7) | 6 (46.2) | 0.56 | 8 (28.6) | 9 (60.0) | 0.04 |
| Heart pounds quickly | n (%) | 15 (34.9) | 3 (14.3) | 12 (54.5) | 0.01 | 10 (32.3) | 5 (41.7) | 0.41 | 8 (26.7) | 7 (53.8) | 0.09 | 6 (21.4) | 9 (60.0) | 0.01 |
| Tight feeling of chest | n (%) | 7 (16.3) | 2 (9.5) | 5 (22.7) | 0.23 | 3 (9.7) | 4 (33.3) | 0.08 | 3 (10.0) | 4 (30.8) | 0.11 | 4 (14.3) | 3 (20.0) | 0.47 |
| Headaches | n (%) | 25 (58.1) | 9 (42.9) | 16 (72.7) | 0.05 | 16 (51.6) | 9 (75.0) | 0.16 | 16 (53.3) | 9 (69.2) | 0.33 | 13 (46.4) | 12 (80.0) | 0.03 |
| Shoulder or neck stiffness | n (%) | 39 (90.7) | 20 (95.2) | 19 (86.4) | 0.32 | 29 (93.5) | 10 (83.3) | 0.31 | 27 (90.0) | 12 (92.3) | 0.65 | 25 (89.3) | 14 (93.3) | 0.56 |
| Back or low back pain | n (%) | 29 (67.4) | 13 (61.9) | 16 (72.7) | 0.45 | 19 (61.3) | 10 (83.3) | 0.15 | 19 (63.3) | 10 (76.9) | 0.31 | 17 (60.7) | 12 (80.0) | 0.17 |
| Joint of hands and feet painful | n (%) | 21 (48.8) | 9 (42.9) | 12 (54.5) | 0.44 | 13 (41.9) | 8 (66.7) | 0.15 | 13 (43.3) | 8 (61.5) | 0.27 | 11 (39.3) | 10 (66.7) | 0.09 |
| Coldness | n (%) | 28 (65.1) | 8 (38.1) | 20 (90.9) | < 0.001 | 19 (61.3) | 9 (75.0) | 0.32 | 18 (60.0) | 10 (76.9) | 0.24 | 14 (50.0) | 14 (93.3) | < 0.001 |
| Numbness of hands and feet | n (%) | 14 (32.6) | 6 (28.6) | 8 (36.4) | 0.59 | 7 (22.6) | 7 (58.3) | 0.03 | 8 (26.7) | 6 (46.2) | 0.18 | 6 (21.4) | 8 (53.3) | 0.04 |
| Recently sensitive to sound | n (%) | 12 (27.9) | 1 (4.8) | 11 (50.0) | < 0.001 | 8 (25.8) | 4 (33.3) | 0.45 | 6 (20.0) | 6 (46.2) | 0.09 | 4 (14.3) | 8 (53.3) | 0.01 |
| Oral symptom | ||||||||||||||
| Xerostomia | n (%) | 22 (51.2) | – | – | – | 14 (45.2) | 8 (66.7) | 0.21 | 13 (43.3) | 9 (69.2) | 0.12 | 9 (32.1) | 13 (86.7) | < 0.001 |
| Taste disturbance | n (%) | 12 (27.9) | 4 (19.0) | 8 (36.4) | 0.21 | – | – | – | 6 (20.0) | 6 (46.2) | 0.09 | 2 (7.1) | 10 (66.7) | < 0.001 |
| Burning mouth | n (%) | 13 (30.2) | 4 (19.0) | 9 (40.9) | 0.08 | 7 (22.6) | 6 (50.0) | 0.09 | – | – | – | 2 (7.1) | 11 (73.3) | < 0.001 |
| Unstimulated saliva (mL/min) | mean ± SD | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.03 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.01 |
| Stimulated saliva (g) | mean ± SD | 3.4 ± 2.0 | 3.4 ± 1.5 | 3.4 ± 2.4 | 0.87 | 3.7 ± 2.2 | 2.9 ± 1.6 | 0.38 | 3.6 ± 2.1 | 3.1 ± 1.9 | 0.84 | 3.7 ± 2.2 | 3 ± 1.8 | 0.61 |
| TCI | mean ± SD | 23.5 ± 14.8 | 23.8 ± 13.4 | 23.2 ± 16.3 | 0.99 | 26.3 ± 14.1 | 16.2 ± 14.7 | 0.04 | 26.3 ± 14.1 | 17.1 ± 15 | 0.04 | 26.6 ± 12.8 | 17.8 ± 17 | 0.05 |
2OSC, two or more oral sensory complaints; CNS, central nervous system; MCS, mental component summary; PCS, physical component summary; RCS, role/social component summary; TCI, tongue coating index