Table 3.
Effect of year, tillage, biochar, poultry manure and NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer, and their combination on soil physical properties.
| Year | Tillage | Fertilizer | Bulk density (Mg m−3) | Porosity (%) | Water content (g kg−1) | Temperature (OC) | PR (kg cm2) | Aggregate stability (%) | DR (%) | MWD (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | CT | 1.52 | 42.6 | 100 | 33.4 | 13.8 | 3.0 | 0.76 | 1.2 | |
| CT | 300 kg ha−1 NPK | 1.51 | 43.0 | 101 | 33.3 | 13.5 | 3.1 | 0.76 | 1.2 | |
| CT | 30 Mg ha−1 B | 1.23 | 53.6 | 129 | 27.1 | 7.1 | 4.8 | 0.61 | 1.6 | |
| CT | 10 Mg ha−1 PM | 1.20 | 54.7 | 122 | 28.9 | 8.6 | 3.7 | 0.67 | 1.4 | |
| CT | 150 kg ha−1 NPK +15 Mg ha−1 B + 5 Mg ha−1 PM | 1.07 | 59.6 | 149 | 30.7 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 0.56 | 1.8 | |
| RT | 1.36 | 48.7 | 112 | 33.0 | 14.1 | 3.4 | 0.72 | 1.2 | ||
| RT | 300 kg ha−1 NPK | 1.34 | 49.4 | 113 | 33.1 | 14.2 | 3.5 | 0.72 | 1.2 | |
| RT | 30 Mg ha−1 B | 1.06 | 60.0 | 142 | 27.0 | 8.9 | 5.9 | 0.56 | 1.7 | |
| RT | 10 Mg ha−1 PM | 1.04 | 60.8 | 135 | 28.7 | 7.7 | 4.9 | 0.61 | 1.6 | |
| RT | 150 kg ha−1 NPK +15 Mg ha−1 B + 5 Mg ha−1 PM | 0.93 | 64.9 | 163 | 30.5 | 5.8 | 7.4 | 0.51 | 1.9 | |
| 2019 | CT | 1.54 | 41.9 | 115 | 32.6 | 14.2 | 3.0 | 0.78 | 1.2 | |
| CT | 300 kg ha−1 NPK | 1.53 | 42.3 | 114 | 32.5 | 14.1 | 3.0 | 0.78 | 1.2 | |
| CT | 30 Mg ha−1 B | 1.21 | 54.3 | 143 | 26.4 | 6.3 | 5.0 | 0.60 | 1.7 | |
| CT | 10 Mg ha−1 PM | 1.19 | 55.1 | 138 | 28.2 | 7.2 | 3.9 | 0.65 | 1.6 | |
| CT | 150 kg ha−1 NPK +15 Mg ha−1 B + 5 Mg ha−1 PM | 1.05 | 60.4 | 154 | 30.0 | 4.4 | 6.3 | 0.59 | 1.8 | |
| RT | 1.37 | 48.3 | 127 | 32.4 | 13.8 | 3.3 | 0.73 | 1.2 | ||
| RT | 300 kg ha−1 NPK | 1.35 | 49.1 | 125 | 32.3 | 13.9 | 3.3 | 0.73 | 1.2 | |
| RT | 30 Mg ha−1 B | 1.04 | 60.8 | 156 | 26.1 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 0.52 | 1.7 | |
| RT | 10 Mg ha−1 PM | 1.03 | 61.1 | 140 | 28.0 | 6.1 | 5.0 | 0.58 | 1.7 | |
| RT | 150 kg ha−1 NPK +15 Mg ha−1 B + 5 Mg ha−1 PM | 0.91 | 65.7 | 178 | 29.8 | 4.0 | 7.5 | 0.45 | 1.9 | |
| SE | 0.05 | 1.74 | 4.67 | 0.56 | 0.87 | 0.34 | 0.02 | 0.06 | ||
| Year (Y) | 0.043 | 0.031 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.021 | 0.000 | ||
| Tillage (T) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.016 | 0.024 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
| Fertilizer (F) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
| Y x T | 0.701 | 0.901 | 0.031 | 1.000 | 0.002 | 0.008 | 0.043 | 0.006 | ||
| Y x F | 0.068 | 0.890 | 0.015 | 0.997 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.016 | 0.000 | ||
| T x F | 0.025 | 0.041 | 0.000 | 0.999 | 0.017 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.000 | ||
| Y x T x F | 0.994 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.993 | 0.029 | 0.860 | 0.611 | 0.018 |
CT = Conventional tillage; RT = Reduced tillage; B = Biochar; PM = Poultry manure; NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer; PR = Penetration resistance; DR = Dispersion ratio; MWD = Mean weight diameter.