Table 1.
Detection studies of drugs clinically tested in the treatment of COVID-19 in environmental matrices.
| Drugs | Country | Results |
Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Samples | Concentration | |||
| Azithromycin (AZT) | Brazil | Effluent | 10–107 ng L–1 | Jank et al. (2014) |
| USA | Final effluent | 15.9 ng L−1 | Blair et al. (2013) | |
| Sediment from Lake Michigan | 3.7 ng L−1 | |||
| Spain | Influential | 129 ng L−1 | Collado et al. (2014) | |
| After undergoing primary and secondary treatment of the WWTP | 134 ng L−1 | |||
| After tertiary treatment with UV | 115 ng L−1 | |||
| Italy | Effluent | 17 ng L−1 | Al Aukidy et al. (2012) | |
| Japan | Influent | 160−1,347 ng L−1 | Ghosh et al. (2009) | |
| Affluent | 260 ng L−1 | Yasojima et al. (2006) | ||
| Portugal | University hospital | 3748 ng L−1 | Santos et al. (2013) | |
| General hospital | 1889 ng L− 1 | |||
| – | below 1 μg L−1 | Sousa et al. (2011) | ||
| WWE | 200 ng L−1 | Pereira et al. (2015) | ||
| – | Influent | 0.260 μg L−1 | Miège et al. (2009) | |
| – | Wastewater matrix | 70 ng L−1 | Petrovic et al. (2006) | |
| Chloroquine (CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) | China | Traces in the surface sediments of tidal sections of rivers | – | Chen et al. (2013) |
| Nigeria | CQ in groundwater | 5.014 μg L−1 | Olatunde et al. (2014) | |
| CQ in surface water | 0.11 μg L−1 | |||
| Ivermectin (IVM) | Argentina | Feces of cattle | – | Iglesias et al. (2006) |
| France | Water resources and tap water | 5−20 ng L−1 | Charuaud et al. (2019) | |
| Spain | Irrigation waters | 0.093 μg L−1 | Rodriguez-Gil et al. (2013) | |
| Dexamethasone | Spain | Affluent sewage | – | Herrero et al. (2012) |
| China | Sewage samples | – | Fan et al. (2011) | |
| Urban river | 52 ng L−1 | Chang et al. (2009) | ||
| Discharge point | 390 ng L−1 | |||
| Surface waters | 0.33 ng L−1 | Gong et al. (2019) | ||
| Hungry | River and drinking water | – | Tölgyesi et al. (2010) | |
| Japan | Sewers, treatment plants and river. | – | Chang et al. (2007) | |
| Malaysia | Lui river | 0.02 ng L−1 | Praveena et al. (2018) | |
| Gombak river | 6.32 ng L−1 | |||
| Selangor river | 0.73 ng L−1 | |||
| Antivirals | South Africa | Lopinavir - surface waters | 305 ng L−1 | Wood et al. (2015) |
| WWTPs and a wastewater treatment plant | 69−43.000 ng L−1 | Abafe et al. (2018) | ||
| Atazanavir - wastewater | 75.12 ng L−1 | Mhuka et al. (2020) | ||
| Norway | Atazanavir - wastewater | 510.1 ng L−1 | Ferrando-Climent et al. (2016) | |
| Greece | Atazanavir - WWTP | – | Ibáñez et al. (2017) | |
| Atazanavir - influential | 0.02 μg L−1 | Gago-Ferrero et al. (2020) | ||
| Darunavir - influential | 0.15 μg L−1 | |||
| Emtricitabane - influential | 0.33 μg L−1 | |||