Table 2.
Effects on environmental matrices for each drug.
| Drugs | Therapeutic class | Effect on environmental matrices | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Azithromycin | Macrolide antibiotic | Potential bioaccumulation | Grabicova et al. (2015) |
| May compromise the growth, development and health of animals | da Luz et al. (2021) | ||
| Accumulation in non-target species (caddisfly larvae) | Vermillion Maier and Tjeerdema (2018) | ||
| Inhibition of p-glycoprotein | Asakura et al. (2004) | ||
| Contribution to the growing worldwide epidemic of antibiotic resistance | Verlicchi et al. (2012) | ||
| Significant inhibition of bacterial growth and chlorophyll content | González-Pleiter et al. (2021) | ||
| Chloroquine | Antimicrobial | Potentially persistent and bioaccumulative properties | Howard and Muir (2011) |
| Good solubility and low biodegradation | Gosu et al. (2016) | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine | |||
| Toxic effects on non-target organisms | Ramesh et al. (2018) | ||
| Ivermectin | Antiparasitic | The use of ivermectin might pose a risk to local aquatic ecosystems | Garric et al. (2007) |
| It was pointed out to be locally hazardous for soil and water organisms | Van Wezel and Jager (2002) | ||
| Toxic ivermectin concentrations persisted for an extended period | Schweitzer et al. (2010) | ||
| It caused a great reduction in abundance of nematodes of Mediterranean Sea | Essid et al. (2020) | ||
| Dexamethasone | Glucocorticoid | Inhibition of population growth in organisms in the freshwater chain | DellaGreca et al. (2004) |
| Osteoporosis in vertebrates | De Vrieze et al. (2014) | ||
| Reduced fertility, spawning frequency and morphological abnormalities in fish | Lalone et al. (2012) | ||
| Developmental deficiencies in molluscs and reduced fertility and growth in cladocerans | Sitre et al. (2009) | ||
| Remdesivir | Antivirals | Persistence in the environment due to stability to photodegradation | Dunge et al. (2004); Russo et al. (2018) |
| Favipiravir | |||
| HIV Antivirals | Show low sorption trend | Azuma et al. (2017) | |
| Toxic effects on bacteria, algae, water fleas, fish, planktonic crustaceans | M. Kumar et al. (2021a, 2021b) | ||
| Evidence of absorption in plants, which may induce hormonal and toxic effects | Akenga et al. (2021) |