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. 2021 Jun 16;12:682482. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.682482

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Copyright © 2021 Fang, Zheng, Liu, Liu, Liu, Huang, Zeng, Chen, Li and Ouyang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Plasma TMAO concentration in rats. (A) Schedule of 12-week experiment. The rats received streptozotocin (STZ) or citrate buffer by intraperitoneally (i.p.) at 4th week. Moreover, rats were treated with normal diet or high-fat-diet, with or without TMAO (0.2%) in drinking water. (B) Plasma TMAO levels in rats. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 8 for each group). ^††P < 0.01 vs. CON, ^##P < 0.01 vs. CON, ^∗∗P < 0.01 vs. DKD.