TABLE 3.
Association between diet quality indices and lung cancer incidence and mortality in overall WHI OS cohort1
| Dietary index | Participants (n = 86,090) | Cases (n = 1491) | aHR (95% CI)1 model 12 | aHR (95% CI)1 model 23 | Deaths (n = 1393) | aHR (95% CI)1 model 12 | aHR (95% CI)1 model 23 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HEI-2015 | |||||||
| Q1 | 17,218 | 345 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 358 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 | 17,218 | 320 | 1.06 (0.91, 1.23) | 1.12 (0.95, 1.31) | 287 | 0.94 (0.80, 1.09) | 0.94 (0.80, 1.09) |
| Q3 | 17,218 | 290 | 1.00 (0.85–1.17) | 1.03 (0.87, 1.21) | 272 | 0.97 (0.82, 1.14) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.10) |
| Q4 | 17,218 | 264 | 0.95 (0.81–1.12) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.16) | 237 | 0.89 (0.75, 1.05) | 0.87 (0.73, 1.04) |
| Q5 | 17,218 | 272 | 0.98 (0.83–1.16) | 1.04 (0.87,1.25) | 239 | 0.90 (0.76, 1.07) | 0.86 (0.72, 1.04) |
| P-trend | 0.36 | 0.81 | 0.04 | 0.02 | |||
| AHEI-2010 | |||||||
| Q1 | 17,218 | 316 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 305 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 | 17,218 | 284 | 0.92 (0.78, 1.08) | 0.92 (0.78, 1.08) | 291 | 1.01 (0.86, 1.18) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.14) |
| Q3 | 17,218 | 300 | 0.98 (0.83, 1.14) | 0.99 (0.84, 1.17) | 269 | 0.95 (0.81, 1.12) | 0.96 (0.81, 1.14) |
| Q4 | 17,219 | 276 | 0.90 (0.76, 1.05) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.11) | 264 | 0.95 (0.80, 1.12) | 0.93 (0.78, 1.10) |
| Q5 | 17,217 | 315 | 0.98 (0.84, 1.15) | 1.04 (0.88, 1.24) | 264 | 0.92 (0.78, 1.09) | 0.91 (0.76, 1.10) |
| P-trend | 0.91 | 0.26 | 0.35 | 0.51 | |||
| aMED | |||||||
| Q1 | 16,911 | 323 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 307 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 | 14,688 | 279 | 0.93 (0.79, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.82, 1.13) | 269 | 0.89 (0.76, 1.05) | 0.88 (0.75, 1.04) |
| Q3 | 16,656 | 293 | 1.01 (0.87, 1.18) | 1.03 (0.87, 1.21) | 278 | 0.98 (0.84, 1.15) | 0.98 (0.83, 1.15) |
| Q4 | 15,654 | 242 | 0.89 (0.75, 1.04) | 0.94 (0.79, 1.12) | 223 | 0.85 (0.72, 1.01) | 0.88 (0.73, 1.05) |
| Q5 | 22,181 | 354 | 0.90 (0.77, 1.05) | 0.96 (0.81, 1.13) | 316 | 0.89 (0.75, 1.04) | 0.93 (0.78, 1.11) |
| P-trend | 0.14 | 0.50 | 0.07 | 0.27 | |||
| DASH | |||||||
| Q1 | 18,446 | 340 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 346 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 | 16,922 | 325 | 1.08 (0.93, 1.26) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.32) | 312 | 1.06 (0.91, 1.24) | 1.11 (0.95, 1.30) |
| Q3 | 13,129 | 215 | 0.95 (0.80, 1.13) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.17) | 203 | 0.94 (0.79, 1.12) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.16) |
| Q4 | 18,471 | 306 | 1.01 (0.86, 1.18) | 1.03 (0.87, 1.21) | 269 | 0.94 (0.80, 1.11) | 0.95 (0.80, 1.13) |
| Q5 | 19,122 | 305 | 1.01 (0.86, 1.19) | 1.09 (0.92, 1.30) | 263 | 0.94 (0.79, 1.11) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.16) |
| P-trend | 0.98 | 0.42 | 0.27 | 0.44 |
Active smoking was adjusted as never smokers, former smoker <10 pack y, former smoker 10 to <24.9 pack y, former smoker ≥25 pack y, current smoker <10 pack y, current smoker 10 to <24.9 pack y, and current smoker ≥25 pack y. AHEI, Alternate Healthy Eating Index; aHR, adjusted hazard risk; aMED, Alternate Mediterranean Diet; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; HEI, Healthy Eating Index; Q1, first or lowest quintile; Q5, fifth or highest quintile; WHI OS, Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.
Model 1 (n = 86,090) adjusted for age (years) and active smoking.
Model 2 (n = 80,866): adjusted for age (years), race, education, BMI (kg/m2), physical activity (MET hours/week), active smoking, years of exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood and as an adult (living and working), and energy intake. Estimates in model 2 are based on a shorter analytic sample due to missing values in the additional covariates.