TABLE 4.
Multivariable linear associations of %E as NOS from solid foods and drinks with cardiometabolic risk factors and in an adult sample (n = 1019) from the province of Quebec, Canada1
| Model 12 | Model 23 | Model 34 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95%CI) | P | β (95%CI) | P | β (95%CI) | P | |
| WC, cm | ||||||
| %E NOS, solid foods | –0.63 (–0.96, –0.29) | 0.0002 | –0.43 (–0.78, –0.08) | 0.01 | –0.22 (–0.50, 0.06) | 0.13 |
| %E NOS, drinks | 0.04 (–0.46, 0.54) | 0.88 | 0.20 (–0.25, 0.64) | 0.38 | 0.16 (–0.27, 0.59) | 0.47 |
| BMI , kg/m2 | ||||||
| %E NOS, solid foods | –0.226 (–0.369, –0.083) | 0.002 | –0.152 (–0.298, –0.006) | 0.04 | –0.080 (–0.205, 0.045) | 0.21 |
| %E NOS, drinks | 0.037 (–0.162, 0.236) | 0.71 | 0.088 (–0.083, 0.259) | 0.31 | 0.076 (–0.090, 0.242) | 0.37 |
| Fasting glucose,5,6 % | ||||||
| %E NOS, solid foods | –0.061 (–0.268, 0.146) | 0.56 | 0.057 (–0.128, 0.243) | 0.55 | 0.026 (–0.182, 0.235) | 0.81 |
| %E NOS, drinks | –0.371 (–0.743, 0.003) | 0.05 | –0.360 (–0.742, 0.024) | 0.07 | –0.355 (–0.737, 0.029) | 0.07 |
| Fasting insulin,5,6 % | ||||||
| %E NOS, solid foods | –1.46 (–2.70, –0.20) | 0.02 | –0.67 (–1.70, 0.36) | 0.20 | –0.63 (–1.72, 0.49) | 0.27 |
| %E NOS, drinks | 1.78 (0.18, 3.41) | 0.03 | 1.86 (0.36, 3.38) | 0.02 | 1.84 (0.34, 3.36) | 0.02 |
| HOMA-IR,6 % | ||||||
| %E NOS, solid foods | –1.52 (–2.89, –0.13) | 0.03 | –0.62 (–1.73, 0.50) | 0.28 | –0.60 (–1.81, 0.62) | 0.33 |
| %E NOS, drinks | 1.40 (–0.31, 3.15) | 0.11 | 1.49 (–0.13, 3.14) | 0.07 | 1.48 (–0.14, 3.13) | 0.07 |
| CRP,5,6 % | ||||||
| %E NOS, solid foods | –3.09 (–4.77, –1.39) | 0.0004 | –1.43 (–2.94, 0.10) | 0.07 | –1.14 (–2.76, 0.52) | 0.18 |
| %E NOS, drinks | –0.10 (–3.51, 3.42) | 0.95 | 1.42 (–1.62, 4.56) | 0.36 | 1.34 (–1.68, 4.44) | 0.39 |
| TGs,5,6 % | ||||||
| %E NOS, solid foods | –1.91 (–3.71, –0.08) | 0.04 | –1.14 (–2.71, 0.44) | 0.16 | –0.95 (–2.56, 0.68) | 0.25 |
| %E NOS, drinks | –0.66 (–2.33, 1.04) | 0.44 | –0.33 (–1.91, 1.28) | 0.69 | –0.37 (–1.95, 1.23) | 0.65 |
| LDL-C5, mmol/L | ||||||
| %E NOS, solid foods | –0.010 (–0.025, 0.005) | 0.17 | –0.004 (–0.018, 0.011) | 0.63 | –0.003 (–0.017, 0.012) | 0.72 |
| %E NOS, drinks | –0.009 (–0.037, 0.020) | 0.55 | –0.006 (–0.036, 0.023) | 0.68 | –0.006 (–0.036, 0.023) | 0.67 |
| HDL-C,5 mmol/L | ||||||
| %E NOS, solid foods | 0.0083 (–0.0028, 0.0193) | 0.14 | 0.0011 (–0.0079, 0.0101) | 0.81 | 0.0003 (–0.0089, 0.0095) | 0.95 |
| %E NOS, drinks | –0.0101 (–0.0229, 0.0028) | 0.12 | –0.0107 (–0.0225, 0.0011) | 0.08 | –0.0105 (–0.0224, 0.0013) | 0.08 |
| TC:HDL-C,5 mmol/L | ||||||
| %E NOS, solid foods | –0.036 (–0.069, –0.003) | 0.03 | –0.016 (–0.044, 0.012) | 0.25 | –0.010 (–0.036, 0.016) | 0.46 |
| %E NOS, drinks | –0.013 (–0.056, 0.030) | 0.55 | –0.008 (–0.050, 0.033) | 0.69 | –0.010 (–0.051, 0.032) | 0.65 |
| SBP, mm Hg | ||||||
| %E NOS, solid foods | –0.12 (–0.38, 0.13) | 0.35 | 0.09 (–0.17, 0.36) | 0.50 | 0.10 (–0.19, 0.38) | 0.50 |
| %E NOS, drinks | 0.18 (–0.22, 0.57) | 0.39 | 0.21 (–0.18, 0.60) | 0.29 | 0.21 (–0.18, 0.61) | 0.29 |
| DBP, mm Hg | ||||||
| %E NOS, solid foods | –0.25 (–0.42, –0.09) | 0.003 | –0.11 (–0.27, 0.06) | 0.21 | –0.07 (–0.25, 0.12) | 0.47 |
| %E NOS, drinks | 0.21 (–0.07, 0.50) | 0.13 | 0.22 (–0.04, 0.48) | 0.10 | 0.21 (–0.05, 0.46) | 0.12 |
| MS z score7 | ||||||
| %E NOS, solid foods | –0.106 (–0.189, –0.022) | 0.01 | –0.021 (–0.071, 0.029) | 0.40 | –0.014 (–0.064, 0.036) | 0.59 |
| %E NOS, drinks | –0.034 (–0.133, 0.064) | 0.49 | –0.005 (–0.074, 0.065) | 0.89 | –0.007 (–0.077, 0.063) | 0.85 |
Values are estimates of the change in the outcome (95% CI) for every unit of %E NOS from solid foods or drinks. Individuals taking medication that could affect the studied outcome were removed from analyses. See the Methods section for details. n is listed for each variable: WC and BMI (n = 1017); fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR (n = 963); CRP (n = 868); TGs, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TC:HDL-C (n = 911); SBP and DBP (n = 902); and MS z score (n = 816). AHEI, Alternative Healthy Eating Index–2010; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; LDL-C, LDL cholesterol; MS z score, continuous metabolic syndrome risk score; NOS; naturally occurring sugar; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference; %E, percentage of daily energy.
Model 1 is adjusted for sex, age, and administrative region.
Model 2 is adjusted for model 1 + WC (except when WC or BMI is the studied outcome), educational and household income levels, smoking, physical activity [based on the 2005 International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) categorical scoring rules], mean daily energy intake, plausibility of self-reported energy intake, and the number of 24-h dietary recalls completed on weekend days.
Model 3 is adjusted for model 2 + AHEI partial score (AHEI score from which whole fruits and sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juice subscores were removed).
Blood tests were performed on serum.
Log-transformed data; β values (95% CI) are expressed as % change upon back-transformation calculated as 100 × exponential (logB) − 100.
A higher MS z score indicates a stronger presence of the metabolic syndrome.