Figure 3.

Schematic illustration of the benefits brought by the integration between organ-on-a-chip systems and organoid models and elucidates the concept of synergistic engineering among 3D cell culture, 3D printing and numerical simulation. A) Miniaturized spinning bioreactor (Spin Ω)-based brain-region-specific (forebrain, midbrain, and hypothalamic) organoids from human iPSCs culture system and modeling impact of Zika virus (ZIKV) exposure. Reproduced with permission.^[21] Copyright 2016, Elsevier. B) The upper work-flow demonstrates the procedures of seeding epithelial cells derived from iPSC-based intestinal organoids into intestinal-on-a-chip. The lower immunofluorescence images represent the confluent monolayers of cells across the whole channel. Reproduced with permission.^[135] Copyright 2018, Elsevier. C) Illustration of a biomimetic microfluidic chip comprised of micropillar arrays which allows direct formation from cell aggregates to brain organoids without much labor-intensive operation and reduces cultivation time. Reproduced with permission.^[141] Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry. D) Schematic represents the brain organoid-on-a-chip devices which incorporated fluid flow in the EBs culture. Reproduced with permission.^[147] Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry.