TABLE 1.
Characteristics of participating mother–child pairs (n = 4449)1
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | |
| Age,2 y | 30.7 (4.8) |
| Educational level | |
| No or primary | 310 (7.3) |
| Secondary | 1777 (41.9) |
| Higher | 2158 (50.8) |
| Parity | |
| Nulliparous | 2610 (59.0) |
| Multiparous | 1817 (41.0) |
| Prepregnancy BMI,2 kg/m2 | 22.6 (18.1, 34.3) |
| Smoking | |
| Nonsmoker or smoked until pregnancy was known | 3377 (84.3) |
| Smoked throughout pregnancy | 629 (15.7) |
| Alcohol consumption | |
| Nonuser or consumption until pregnancy was known | 2234 (56.5) |
| Sustained consumption | 1722 (43.5) |
| Gestational age at blood sampling,2 wk | 13.2 (9.8, 17.4) |
| Newborn characteristics | |
| Gestational age,2 wk | 40.1 (36.0, 42.3) |
| Birth weight,2 kg | 3.47 (2.28, 4.46) |
| Sex | |
| Boy | 2196 (49.4) |
| Girl | 2253 (50.6) |
| Ethnicity | |
| European | 3005 (68.5) |
| Non-European | 1380 (31.5) |
| Childhood characteristics | |
| Child age at visit,2 y | 9.7 (9.3, 10.7) |
| Childhood BMI,2 kg/m2 | 17.6 (2.8) |
| Underweight | 315 (7.1) |
| Normal weight | 3333 (75.1) |
| Overweight | 632 (14.2) |
| Obese | 158 (3.6) |
| Fat mass index,2,3 kg/m4 | 2.2 (1.2, 5.0) |
| Android fat mass,2,3 % | 4.0 (2.4, 7.7) |
| Android-to-gynoid fat ratio2,3 | 0.24 (0.15, 0.49) |
| Heart rate,2 beats per minute | 73.4 (9.8) |
| Blood pressure,2 mmHg | |
| Systolic | 103 (7.9) |
| Diastolic | 59 (6.4) |
| Insulin,2,3 pmol/L | 175 (216, 636) |
| Glucose,2 mmol/L | 5.2 (0.9) |
| Total cholesterol,2 mmol/L | 4.3 (0.7) |
| HDL cholesterol,2 mmol/L | 1.5 (0.3) |
| LDL cholesterol,2 mmol/L | 2.3 (0.6) |
| Triglycerides,2,3 mmol/L | 1.0 (0.4, 2.6) |
| Prevalence cardiovascular clustering,5 n (%) | 391 (13.3) |
Values are based on nonimputed data and are mean (SD) or median (95% range) for continuous variables and numbers (%) for categorical variables.
Standard deviation scores were calculated for these variables.
Indicate values before natural log transformation.
Underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity were defined based on the International Obesity Task Force cutoffs (sex and age specific), defined to pass through a BMI of 25 and 30 kg/m2 at age 18 y (27).
Cardiovascular clustering was defined as having 3 or more risk factors (android fat mass >75th percentile, systolic or diastolic blood pressure >75th percentile or both, HDL cholesterol <25th percentile or triglycerides >75th percentile or both, insulin concentration >75th percentile of our study population). The prevalence of cardiovascular clustering was calculated in the subgroup of n = 4401 children with complete cardiovascular outcomes.