TABLE 5.
Associations of circulating folate, vitamin B-12, and homocysteine concentrations in early pregnancy and in cord blood with the risk of overweight/obesity and cardiovascular clustering at age 10 y1
| Characteristic | OR (95% CI) for overweight/obesity2 (n = 4123) | OR (95% CI) for clustering cardiovascular risk factors3 (n = 4401) |
|---|---|---|
| Maternal early pregnancy | ||
| Folate, SDS | 0.87 (0.78, 0.96)** | 0.79 (0.68, 0,91)** |
| Total B-12, SDS | 0.99 (0.89, 1.10) | 0.92 (0.80, 1.05) |
| Active B-12, SDS | 0.99 (0.88, 1.10) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.06) |
| Homocysteine, SDS | 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.16) |
| Cord blood | ||
| Folate, SDS | 0.98 (0.87, 1.09) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.15) |
| Total B-12, SDS | 0.99 (0.89, 1.10) | 0.92 (0.80, 1.07) |
| Active B-12, SDS | 1.10 (0.91, 1.12) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) |
| Homocysteine, SDS | 1.00 (0.90, 1.11) | 1.10 (0.97, 1.25) |
Associations are based on the main models with adjustment for child sex, gestational age at blood sampling, child age at outcome, maternal confounders (parity, age, education, prepregnancy BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption), and child ethnicity. Sensitivity analysis among mother–child pairs from Dutch ethnicity resulted in similar results (data not shown). Folate and homocysteine were measured in plasma and total and active B-12 were measured in serum. **P < 0.01. SDS, standard deviation score.
Reference group: children with normal weight. Overweight and obesity were defined based on the International Obesity Task Force cutoffs and were present in 790 (17.8%) of n = 4438 children with information on childhood BMI; 315 children with underweight were excluded.
Reference group: children without cardiovascular clustering. Cardiovascular clustering was defined as having 3 or more risk factors (android fat mass >75th percentile, systolic or diastolic blood pressure >75th percentile or both, HDL cholesterol <25th percentile or triglycerides >75th percentile or both, insulin concentration >75th percentile of our study population). Cardiovascular clustering was calculated in the subgroup of 4401 children with complete cardiovascular outcomes and present in n = 391 children.