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Fructose induces renal inflammation. Fructose either from diet or from endogenous system under pathological condition acts on the tubular epithelial cells, endothelial cells, macrophages and fibroblasts to cause the Warburg effect, leading to inflammation and fibrosis in the kidney. AR, aldose reductase; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; eNOS, endothelial NO synthase.
