TABLE 3.
Stratified analyses of postdiagnostic total dairy intake with survival among patients with colorectal cancer1
| CRC-specific survival | Overall survival | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Servings/wk, HR (95% CI) | Servings/wk, HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Characteristic | 7 to <14 | 14 to <21 | 21+ | 7 to <14 | 14 to <21 | 21+ |
| Study | ||||||
| HPFS | 1.02 (0.60, 1.73) | 0.77 (0.39, 1.52) | 0.91 (0.47, 1.77) | 0.99 (0.75, 1.32) | 0.99 (0.70, 1.41) | 1.32 (0.95, 1.85) |
| NHS | 0.91 (0.57, 1.44) | 1.17 (0.70, 1.97) | 1.58 (0.97, 2.57) | 0.85 (0.65, 1.12) | 0.94 (0.69, 1.28) | 1.10 (0.82, 1.48) |
| Age, y | ||||||
| <65 | 0.91 (0.45, 1.83) | 1.36 (0.65, 2.86) | 2.42 (1.23, 4.78) | 0.87 (0.57, 1.35) | 0.93 (0.57, 1.52) | 1.48 (0.96, 2.29) |
| 65+ | 0.99 (0.59, 1.67) | 0.85 (0.47, 1.55) | 0.89 (0.49, 1.63) | 0.94 (0.71, 1.25) | 0.93 (0.67, 1.27) | 1.06 (0.77, 1.47) |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never | 2.01 (0.21, 19.6) | 1.89 (0.17, 21.4) | 2.69 (0.27, 26.6) | 1.07 (0.43, 2.69) | 0.90 (0.32, 2.54) | 0.83 (0.29, 2.42) |
| Ever | 0.98 (0.64, 1.50) | 0.96 (0.59, 1.57) | 1.42 (0.88, 2.30) | 1.04 (0.81, 1.33) | 0.99 (0.74, 1.31) | 1.35 (1.02, 1.80) |
| Alcohol consumption, g/d | ||||||
| <10 | 0.96 (0.58, 1.59) | 1.13 (0.64, 2.00) | 1.40 (0.81, 2.42) | 0.97 (0.73, 1.29) | 0.93 (0.68, 1.29) | 1.19 (0.87, 1.63) |
| 10+ | 0.84 (0.36, 1.95) | 0.78 (0.27, 2.19) | 1.46 (0.60, 3.56) | 0.88 (0.57, 1.38) | 1.09 (0.64, 1.84) | 1.37 (0.83, 2.27) |
| AHEI | ||||||
| <50 | 0.86 (0.52, 1.43) | 1.07 (0.59, 1.92) | 0.99 (0.56, 1.74) | 0.87 (0.66, 1.15) | 0.92 (0.66, 1.28) | 1.03 (0.75, 1.41) |
| 50+ | 1.08 (0.64, 1.81) | 1.03 (0.55, 1.90) | 1.83 (1.02, 3.25) | 0.93 (0.68, 1.26) | 0.92 (0.65, 1.31) | 1.27 (0.89, 1.80) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||
| <25 | 1.23 (0.67, 2.27) | 1.20 (0.60, 2.37) | 1.94 (1.00, 3.75) | 0.98 (0.69, 1.39) | 0.95 (0.64, 1.42) | 1.28 (0.87, 1.89) |
| 25+ | 0.69 (0.38, 1.22) | 0.68 (0.34, 1.36) | 0.92 (0.49, 1.71) | 0.89 (0.63, 1.24) | 0.90 (0.61, 1.31) | 1.04 (0.73, 1.50) |
| Physical activity (METs, h/wk) | ||||||
| <9 | 1.41 (0.77, 2.56) | 1.53 (0.78, 3.03) | 1.98 (1.03, 3.81) | 1.09 (0.78, 1.51) | 1.11 (0.76, 1.63) | 1.37 (0.95, 1.98) |
| 9+ | 0.57 (0.30, 1.09) | 0.78 (0.38, 1.58) | 0.98 (0.50, 1.92) | 0.74 (0.52, 1.06) | 0.79 (0.53, 1.18) | 1.06 (0.72, 1.57) |
| Regular aspirin use | ||||||
| No | 0.90 (0.54, 1.49) | 0.98 (0.56, 1.74) | 1.30 (0.76, 2.24) | 0.91 (0.68, 1.23) | 0.88 (0.63, 1.24) | 1.06 (0.77, 1.47) |
| Yes | 1.09 (0.54, 2.18) | 1.05 (0.46, 2.40) | 1.56 (0.73, 3.34) | 0.93 (0.63, 1.37) | 1.01 (0.65, 1.57) | 1.50 (0.99, 2.27) |
| Family history of CRC | ||||||
| No | 0.89 (0.56, 1.41) | 1.11 (0.66, 1.85) | 1.43 (0.86, 2.37) | 0.86 (0.66, 1.11) | 0.96 (0.71, 1.30) | 1.15 (0.86, 1.55) |
| Yes | 1.19 (0.46, 3.09) | 0.62 (0.19, 2.02) | 1.12 (0.40, 3.12) | 1.29 (0.75, 2.25) | 0.89 (0.48, 1.65) | 1.45 (0.81, 2.60) |
| Cancer subsite | ||||||
| Colon | 1.10 (0.65, 1.86) | 1.28 (0.71, 2.32) | 1.60 (0.90, 2.83) | 0.98 (0.74, 1.29) | 0.95 (0.68, 1.32) | 1.20 (0.87, 1.64) |
| Rectum | 0.77 (0.37, 1.60) | 0.68 (0.29, 1.63) | 1.06 (0.50, 2.25) | 0.71 (0.44, 1.15) | 0.64 (0.38, 1.08) | 0.86 (0.52, 1.40) |
| Cancer stage | ||||||
| Stage I/II | 0.74 (0.45, 1.24) | 0.52 (0.26, 1.05) | 1.03 (0.57, 1.86) | 0.89 (0.68, 1.16) | 0.75 (0.54, 1.04) | 1.04 (0.75, 1.43) |
| Stage III | 2.09 (1.22, 3.56) | 3.07 (1.65, 5.74) | 3.26 (1.83, 5.83) | 1.27 (0. 90, 1.79) | 1.37 (0.90, 2.09) | 1.48 (1.02, 2.16) |
| Postmenopausal hormone use | ||||||
| Never | 1.23 (0.60, 2.52) | 1.69 (0.77, 3.71) | 3.05 (1.45, 6.41) | 1.04 (0.69, 1.57) | 1.20 (0.75, 1.90) | 1.76 (1.12, 2.77) |
| Ever | 1.17 (0.48, 2.87) | 1.07 (0.40, 2.90) | 1.41 (0.54, 3.65) | 0.85 (0.49, 1.45) | 0.82 (0.45, 1.50) | 0.82 (0.46, 1.45) |
| Years since CRC diagnosis | ||||||
| <5 | 1.41 (0.72, 2.77) | 1.10 (0.55, 2.22) | 1.11 (0.57, 2.14) | 1.12 (0.69, 1.81) | 0.90 (0.53, 1.52) | 0.95 (0.58, 1.54) |
| 5+ | 0.85 (0.45, 1.59) | 1.04 (0.51, 2.09) | 1.77 (0.93, 3.39) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.22) | 0.98 (0.71, 1.36) | 1.22 (0.89, 1.69) |
Postdiagnostic intake at least 6 mo (to avoid potential influence of active treatment) but no more than 4 y after diagnosis of CRC. Cox model stratified by age at diagnosis (<55, 55–59, 60–64, 65–69, 70–74, and 75+ years), cancer stage (I, II, III, and unspecified), and study (NHS and HPFS), with additional adjustments for tumor grade of differentiation (well differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated, and unspecified), tumor subsite (proximal colon, distal colon, rectum, and unspecified), year of diagnosis (continuous), time between CRC diagnosis and measurement of dairy food intake assessment (continuous), prediagnostic intake of total dairy (in quartiles), postdiagnostic BMI (<23, 23–24.9, 25–27.4, 27.5–29.9, 30+ kg/m2), postdiagnostic physical activity (<3, 3–8.9, 9–11.9, 12–17.9, 18+ METs, h/wk), postdiagnostic regular use of aspirin (yes or no), postdiagnostic smoking (0, 1–9, 10–19, 20–39, 40+ pack-years), and postdiagnostic alcohol consumption (<5, 5–14.9, 15+ g/d), except when the factor is the variable for stratification. For CRC-specific survival, the P values for interaction were 0.05 for cohort, <0.01 for age, 0.98 for smoking, 0.37 for alcohol, 0.12 for AHEI, 0.37 for BMI, 0.36 for physical activity, 0.67 for regular aspirin use, 0.20 for family history of CRC, 0.69 for cancer subsite, 0.64 for cancer stage, 0.07 for postmenopausal hormone use, and 0.21 for years since CRC diagnosis. For overall survival, the P values for interaction were 0.99 for cohort, 0.05 for age, 0.16 for smoking, 0.30 for alcohol, 0.53 for AHEI, 0.48 for BMI, 0.98 for physical activity, 0.41 for regular aspirin use, 0.48 for family history of CRC, 0.46 for cancer subsite, 0.67 for cancer stage, 0.03 for postmenopausal hormone use, and 0.16 for years since CRC diagnosis. AHEI, Alternative Healthy Eating Index; CRC, colorectal cancer; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; METs, metabolic equivalents; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study.