Fig. 3.

Structural equation model (SEM) depicting the pathways of α and β diversity in regulating landscape ecosystem stability (γ_S), through its two components: α stability (α_S) and spatial asynchrony (ω). Uni‐ and bidirectional arrows represent a direct effect and correlation between variables, respectively. Black solid and dashed arrows indicate significant positive and negative relationships (P < 0.05), respectively, and numbers on the arrows represent the standardized path coefficients. Gray arrows indicate nonsignificant relationships. The marginal and conditional R ² (denoted as $R_m^2$ and $R_c^2$, respectively) for α stability, spatial asynchrony, and γ stability are provided. Model test statistics are: Fisher’s C = 0.992, df = 4, and P = 0.91. In this SEM, species diversity is measured using Simpson‐based metrics and landscape size is 2.