Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants
| TEDDY Case (N = 57) | Control (N = 56) | P-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female, N (%) | 25 (43.9) | 30 (53.6) | 0.349 |
| FDR with T1D, N (%) | 9 (15.8) | 5 (8.9) | 0.393 |
| HLA DR3/4, DQB1*0302, N (%) | 32 (56.1) | 10 (17.9) | <0.001 |
| Age at Diagnosis (years) | 6.4 ± 1.8 | 6.7 ± 1.9 | 0.378 |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis, N (%) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (16.1) | 0.001 |
| Weight z-score at diagnosis | 0.6 ± 0.9 | 0.1 ± 0.9 | 0.021 |
| Height z-score at diagnosisb | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 1.0 | 0.208 |
| BMI z-score at diagnosisb | 0.2 ± 1.1 | -0.4 ± 1.2 | 0.010 |
| HbA1c at diagnosisc (%) | 6.9 ± 1.5 | 10.2 ± 2.3 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c at diagnosis (mmol/mol) | 52 ± 16 | 88 ± 25 | – |
| Positive autoantibodies,d N (%) | – | – | 1 |
| 0–1 Ab | 14 (24.6) | 13 (23.2) | – |
| ≥2 Ab | 43 (75.4) | 43 (76.8) | – |
| AUC C-Peptide at baselined (ng/mL) | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.007 |
Means ± standard deviations are shown unless specified otherwise. Weight, height, and BMI were converted to SD units (Z scores) using the CDC growth chart.
Abbreviations: Ab, autoantibodies; AUC, area under the curve; BMI, body mass index; FDR, first-degree relative; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; TEDDY, The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young; T1D, type 1 diabetes.
a Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for proportions.
bEight subjects with missing information were omitted from the analysis.
cOne subject with missing HbA1c was omitted from the analysis.
dData from baseline visit and if missing from 3-month visit.