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. 2021 Jun 30;19:194. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-00940-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Isolation and characterisation of MSC-derived EVs. A After the culture of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), microscopic observation showed a typical spindle shape of cells. B Extracted MSCs had osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic potentials by Alizarin Red, Oil Red O and Alcian Blue staining. C MSC positive markers (CD73, CD90 and CD105) and negative markers (HLA-DR, CD11b, CD19, CD34 and CD45) were analyzed by flow cytometry. D The morphology of EVs was observed under a transmission electron microscope. E The particle size distribution of MSC derived EVs was measured by nanometer size analyzer. F Zeta potential measurements of the surface charge of MSCs-EVs (mV). G EVs markers (CD9, CD63, CD81 and GM130) were analyzed by Western blot