Table 3.

Overview of neuroscience tools used to investigate physiological mechanisms in prairie voles.

Neurophysiological constructs and related tools	Example references
Peripheral nervous system functioning (e.g., electrocardiograms of heart rate, hormone assays)	(Blondel et al., 2016; Grippo et al., 2007b; Klein et al., 1997)
Genotyping, genomics, and transcriptomics (e.g., PCR and sequencing, genome linkage maps)	(Duclot et al., 2020; Hammock and Young, 2005a; McGraw et al., 2011; Okhovat et al., 2015)
Transgenic manipulation (e.g., AAV gene transfer, shRNA-targeted knockdown, CRISPR knockin/knockout)	(Keebaugh et al., 2015; Pitkow et al., 2001b; Horie et al., 2019, 2020)
Neural activity (e.g., calcium imaging, electrophysiology, fMRI, immediate early gene expression)	(Amadei et al., 2017; Cushing et al., 2003; Scribner et al., 2020; Yee et al., 2016)
Neural manipulation (e.g., optogenetics, peripheral administration and microinjection of compounds)	(Amadei et al., 2017; Winslow et al., 1993; Witt et al., 1990)
Neural mapping (e.g., anterograde/retrograde tracing, autoradiography, cell proliferation, electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry)	(Ahmed et al., 2012; Campi et al., 2007; Reep and Kirkpatrick, 1999; Smith et al., 2001; Witt et al., 1991)
Neuropeptide and neurotransmitter release (e.g., fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, microdialysis)	(Resendez et al., 2016; Gingrich et al., 2000)