Table 3.
Serum PFAS (medians, 25th–75th percentiles) according to Tanner stage, SES, age, and SDS for BMI, weight, and height
| n (%) | PFOA (ng/mL) | PFOS (ng/mL) | PFHxS (ng/mL) | PFNA (ng/mL) | PFDA (ng/mL) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | 25th-75th percentiles | Median | 25th-75th percentiles | Median | 25th-75th percentiles | Median | 25th-75th percentiles | Median | 25th-75th percentiles | ||
| Tanner stage | 100 | ||||||||||
| 1 | 20 (20) | 3.05 | 2.58–3.58 | 8.57 | 6.70-–1.11 | 0.55 | 0.44–0.72 | 1.07 | 0.89–1.41 | 0.36 | 0.29–0.45 |
| 2 | 33 (33) | 2.99 | 2.22–4.27 | 7.03 | 5.40–9.95 | 0.54 | 0.44–0.68 | 0.95 | 0.72–1.19 | 0.33 | 0.24–0.41 |
| 3 | 29 (29) | 2.46 | 2.07–3.18 | 6.23 | 5.79–8.09 | 0.47 | 0.41–0.68 | 0.77 | 0.66–0.99 | 0.27 | 0.23–0.32 |
| 4 + 5 | 18 (18) | 2.26 | 1.85–3.36 | 6.04 | 5.12–7.43 | 0.43 | 0.31–0.51 | 0.85 | 0.71–1.08 | 0.27 | 0.23–0.32 |
| P-value* | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.01 | ||||||
| SES | 108 | ||||||||||
| 1 | 57 (52.7) | 2.74 | 2.74–3.42 | 7.42 | 6.17–10.19 | 0.51 | 0.44–0.70 | 0.92 | 0.73–1.13 | 0.32 | 0.25–0.37 |
| 2–4 | 51 (47.2) | 3.00 | 2.19–3.63 | 6.23 | 5.40–7.90 | 0.46 | 0.37–0.54 | 0.94 | 0.73–1.20 | 0.29 | 0.24–0.36 |
| P-value* | 0.58 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.55 | 0.21 | ||||||
| Age (years) | 109 | ||||||||||
| 10–11.9 | 36 (33.0) | 3.13 | 2.28–4.31 | 6.92 | 6.06–8.59 | 0.52 | 0.44–0.64 | 0.94 | 0.69–1.22 | 0.33 | 0.26–0.37 |
| 12.0–12.9 | 41 (37.6) | 2.56 | 2.16–3.53 | 7.12 | 5.54–10.44 | 0.46 | 0.39–0.66 | 0.95 | 0.77–1.18 | 0.32 | 0.25–0.38 |
| 13.0–15 | 32 (29.6) | 2.68 | 2.00–3.30 | 6.63 | 5.85–8.71 | 0.48 | 0.41–0.66 | 0.82 | 0.71–1.04 | 0.28 | 0.25–0.36 |
| P-value* | 0.14 | 0.85 | 0.30 | 0.53 | 0.48 | ||||||
| BMI SDS | 109 | ||||||||||
| ≤ -1 | 22 (20.2) | 2.77 | 2.17–3.13 | 6.90 | 5.97–10.53 | 0.47 | 0.43–0.56 | 0.96 | 0.68–1.20 | 0.27 | 0.25–0.40 |
| > -1 to ≤ 0 | 39 (35.8) | 2.79 | 2.09–3.31 | 7.83 | 6.03–10.0 | 0.51 | 0.41–0.70 | 0.95 | 0.74–1.14 | 0.34 | 0.27–0.37 |
| > 0 to ≤ 1 | 32 (29.4) | 3.08 | 2.27–4.99 | 6.56 | 5.87–9.29 | 0.52 | 0.42–0.67 | 0.91 | 0.73–1.42 | 0.31 | 0.23–0.40 |
| > 1 | 16 (14.7) | 2.60 | 1.89–3.62 | 5.86 | 4.97–6.73 | 0.41 | 0.32–0.60 | 0.78 | 0.73-–1.03 | 0.27 | 0.21–0.30 |
| P-value* | 0.39 | 0.01 | 0.25 | 0.66 | 0.06 | ||||||
| Weight SDS | 109 | ||||||||||
| ≤ -1 | 19 (17.4) | 2.76 | 2.32–3.22 | 7.90 | 5.91–10.78 | 0.50 | 0.43–0.68 | 1.11 | 0.88–1.24 | 0.33 | 0.27–0.45 |
| > -1 to ≤ 0 | 35 (32.1) | 2.90 | 2.19–3.39 | 7.91 | 6.12–10.45 | 0.52 | 0.43–0.65 | 0.95 | 0.72–1.14 | 0.34 | 0.27–0.37 |
| > 0 to ≤ 1 | 37 (33.9) | 2.79 | 2.07–4.08 | 6.52 | 5.41–7.93 | 0.50 | 0.41–0.69 | 0.82 | 0.69–1.22 | 0.27 | 0.22–0.34 |
| > 1 | 18 (16.5) | 2.53 | 1.85–3.62 | 6.14 | 5.14–7.06 | 0.41 | 0.34–0.58 | 0.81 | 0.75–1.07 | 0.28 | 0.23–0.33 |
| P-value* | 0.79 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.40 | 0.02 | ||||||
| Height SDS | 109 | ||||||||||
| ≤ -1 | 15 (13.8) | 3.17 | 2.69–7.14 | 10.11 | 7.12–13.03 | 0.68 | 0.54–0.85 | 1.11 | 0.91–1.27 | 0.36 | 0.31–0.52 |
| > -1 to ≤ 0 | 33 (30.3) | 2.84 | 2.24–3.44 | 7.91 | 5.99–10.12 | 0.51 | 0.43–0.65 | 0.95 | 0.69–1.21 | 0.34 | 0.26–0.40 |
| > 0 to ≤ 1 | 37 (33.9) | 2.92 | 2.19–3.62 | 6.23 | 5.57–7.48 | 0.47 | 0.40–0.65 | 0.90 | 0.73–1.07 | 0.29 | 0.25–0.34 |
| > 1 | 24 (22.0) | 2.37 | 1.89–3.06 | 6.32 | 5.31–7.13 | 0.43 | 0.38–0.54 | 0.79 | 0.63–1.09 | 0.26 | 0.21–0.33 |
| P-value* | 0.06 | < 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.01 | ||||||
Data are presented as medians and 25–75 percentiles. SES Socioeconomic status, BMI Body mass index, SDS Standard deviation score, PFAS Polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFOA Perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, PFHxS Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, PFNA Perfluorononanoic acid, PFDA Perfluorodecanoic acid
* Differences in PFAS concentrations between subgroups were tested using Kruskal–Wallis test. P-values < 0.05 were considered significant and highlighted in bold