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. 2021 Jun 29;18:105. doi: 10.1186/s12984-021-00888-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Surface electromyography (sEMG) and American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) classification. a AIS classification and level of injury of participants assessed using sEMG measured at volitional effort or rest. b AIS classification and level of injury of participants in studies reporting sEMG properties in the amplitude and frequency domains. c Historical perspective of AIS distributions across studies using sEMG assessments. sEMG surface EMG, SCI spinal cord injury, AIS American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale, NA not available (i.e. not described or described in insufficient details)