Table 3.
Adjusted odds ratios from multivariable logistic regression analyses assessing the associations between selected demographic, sexual, and reproductive health characteristics and U.S. women’s use of selected contraceptive methods, among users of contraception ages 15 to 49 years, 2016 (N = 3,367).
| Variable | LARC methods | IUD | Implant | SARC methods | Pill | Nonpill SARC methodsa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | ||||||
| 15–24 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 25–34 | 0.84 (0.57, 1.23) | 1.44 (0.90, 2.31) | 0.45 (0.23, 0.90)∗ | 0.77 (0.54, 1.12) | 0.77 (0.53, 1.11) | 0.95 (0.56, 1.59) |
| 35–44 | 0.57 (0.36, 0.91)∗ | 1.08 (0.61, 1.90) | 0.18 (0.07, 0.47)‡ | 0.52 (0.32, 0.84)† | 0.48 (0.28, 0.82)† | 0.77 (0.38, 1.56) |
| 45–49 | 0.18 (0.10, 0.34)‡ | 0.37 (0.21, 0.67)† | 0.04 (0.00, 0.31)† | 0.32 (0.14, 0.70)† | 0.34 (0.14, 0.82)∗ | 0.30 (0.08, 1.11) |
| Poverty status | ||||||
| <100% federal poverty level | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 100%–199% | 0.92 (0.58, 1.45) | 1.01 (0.61, 1.68) | 0.62 (0.29, 1.31) | 0.78 (0.56, 1.10) | 0.68 (0.44, 1.04) | 1.26 (0.79, 2.02) |
| 200%–299% | 0.96 (0.60, 1.52) | 0.87 (0.54, 1.41) | 0.83 (0.36, 1.91) | 1.13 (0.74, 1.74) | 1.08 (0.70, 1.68) | 1.33 (0.70, 2.56) |
| ≥300% or higher | 1.18 (0.77, 1.80) | 1.22 (0.73, 2.04) | 0.34 (0.19, 0.64)† | 1.12 (0.77, 1.63) | 1.27 (0.85, 1.90) | 0.86 (0.49, 1.52) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 0.89 (0.61, 1.32) | 0.99 (0.65, 1.51) | 1.06 (0.62, 1.83) | 0.99 (0.66, 1.46) | 0.54 (0.32, 0.91)∗ | 3.01 (1.79, 5.06)‡ |
| Other or multiple races, non-Hispanic | 0.44 (0.27, 0.71)† | 0.45 (0.26, 0.79)† | 0.51 (0.17, 1.49) | 0.97 (0.57, 1.65) | 0.74 (0.41, 1.34) | 1.72 (0.69, 4.25) |
| Hispanic | 1.07 (0.75, 1.53) | 1.19 (0.78, 1.80) | 0.95 (0.51, 1.78) | 0.82 (0.56, 1.19) | 0.63 (0.42, 0.95)∗ | 1.48 (0.85, 2.56) |
| Born outside the United States | ||||||
| Born in the United States | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Foreign born | 0.64 (0.38, 1.07) | 0.35 (0.17, 0.71)† | ||||
| Relationship status | ||||||
| Married | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Cohabitating | 1.25 (0.78, 2.01) | 1.09 (0.72, 1.65) | 0.94 (0.57, 1.55) | |||
| Not married or cohabitating | 1.42 (0.98, 2.06) | 1.66 (1.05, 2.64)∗ | 1.62 (0.96, 2.72) | |||
| Education | ||||||
| No high school diploma | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| High school or GED | 1.77 (0.86, 3.64) | 0.36 (0.19, 0.69)† | 0.62 (0.33, 1.14) | |||
| Some college | 1.58 (0.81, 3.06) | 0.35 (0.17, 0.70)† | 0.47 (0.23, 1.00)∗ | |||
| College graduate | 2.39 (1.23, 4.64)∗ | 0.19 (0.07, 0.47)‡ | 0.42 (0.20, 0.90)∗ | |||
| Parity | ||||||
| 0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| 1–2 | 2.45 (1.56, 3.83)‡ | 2.02 (1.22, 3.36)† | 2.35 (1.03, 5.37)∗ | 0.57 (0.40, 0.82)† | 0.56 (0.37, 0.84)† | |
| ≥3 | 1.70 (1.07, 2.69)∗ | 1.65 (1.01, 2.71)∗ | 1.35 (0.64, 2.87) | 0.33 (0.22, 0.48)‡ | 0.30 (0.19, 0.45)‡ | |
| No. of future births expected | ||||||
| 0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
| 1–2 | 3.04 (1.73. 5.33)‡ | 1.77 (1.22, 2.56)† | 1.59 (0.99, 2.56) | 2.12 (1.13, 3.96)∗ | ||
| ≥3 | 3.53 (1.40, 8.92)† | 1.53 (0.93, 2.53) | 1.64 (0.96, 2.79) | 1.25 (0.49, 3.21) | ||
| Access to careb | ||||||
| No access to care | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Access to care | 1.82 (0.92, 3.58) | 3.21 (1.31, 7.82)∗ | 7.20 (3.03, 17.14)‡ | 5.21 (2.05, 13.28)‡ | 13.53 (2.79, 65.74)† |
Note: Data presented as adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval). Population includes all female respondents ages 15 to 49 who reported current contraceptive method use, weighted to reflect the U.S. female civilian population. For some methods or method groups (implant, SARC methods, and nonpill SARC methods), the total N is slightly smaller than the full population of contraceptive users due to lower response rates on some demographic or reproductive characteristics among users of those particular methods. Adjusted odds ratios reflect final multivariable models after a backward stepwise elimination process in which independent variables were removed if Wald tests yielded P > .05. All multivariable models included age, race/ethnicity, and poverty status, regardless of significance due to their theoretical relevance to the models. Age categories were consolidated for the multivariable models due to insufficiently large cell sizes. IUD = intrauterine device; LARC = long-acting reversible contraception; SARC = short-acting reversible contraception.
Nonpill SARC methods include the contraceptive patch, the vaginal ring, and injectable contraception.
Respondents who indicated either having received any of the following services in the past 12 months—a birth control checkup, a Pap test, or a pelvic exam—OR having some form of insurance coverage.
Significant difference between user characteristics at P < .05 based on multivariable logistic regression analyses.
Significant difference between user characteristics at P < .01 based on multivariable logistic regression analyses.
Significant difference between user characteristics at P < .001 based on multivariable logistic regression analyses.