Table 2.

Pooled characteristics of the fatal snorkelling-related drownings extracted from the case series.10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26

Casualty demographics				Risk factors & interventions
		N (#)	N (%)			N (#)	N (%)
Gender	M	119	82.6%	Pre-existing medical condition	Yes	69	56.1%
	F	25	17.4%		None	54	43.9%
Age (Years)	<18	1	0.7%	Type of medical condition	Cardiac	41	59.4%
	19–34	48	33.3%		Respiratory	5	7.2%
	35–49	22	15.3%		Seizure Disorder	5	7.2%
	50–64	34	23.6%		Other	22	31.9%
	>65	39	27.1%
				Buddy system	Alone	39	27.3%
Experience (All)	None	34	34.7%		Separated from buddy	47	32.9%
	Some	20	20.4%		With buddy	9	6.3%
	Experienced	44	44.9%		Separated from group	42	29.4%
					With group	6	4.2%
Experience (Recreational)	None	32	46.4%
	Some	17	24.6%	Supervision	Patrolled	58	40.3%
	Experienced	20	29.0%		Unpatrolled	86	59.7%
Experienced (Spearfishing)	None	2	8.0%	Floatation aid used	Yes	21	14.6%
	Some	3	12.0%		No	75	52.1%
	Experienced	20	80.0%		Unknown	48	33.3%
Tourism	Local	34	27.0%	Resuscitative interventions	BLS or ALS	94	65.3%
	Tourist	92	73.0%		Unknown or no body	50	34.7%
Activity	Recreational snorkelling	112	77.8%
	Spearfishing or Hunting	28	19.4%
	Other	4	2.8%

ALS = advanced life support; BLS = basic life support.

¹Not all categories may add up to the total cases, in the event data were not reported.