Table 4.

Interdisciplinary cardiac arrest research review 2019 articles.

Category	First Author	Title	Journal	Type	Summary
Basic Science & Pharmacology	Koziakova M	Noble gas neuroprotection: xenon and argon protect against hypoxic-ischaemic injury in rat hippocampus in vitro via distinct mechanisms.	Br J Anaesth	OR	Xenon and argon gas exhibit neuroprotective effect on hippocampal cells in vitro following oxygen-glucose deprivation model of cerebral ischemia. Helium, neon, and krypton are without neuroprotective effect.
	Chonde M	Intra-Arrest Administration of Cyclosporine and Methylprednisolone Does Not Reduce Postarrest Myocardial Dysfunction	Biomed Res Int	OR	Cyclosporin and methylprednisolone may have the potential to control the effects of post arrest myocardial dysfunction in patients who have been successfully resuscitated.
	Hoops HE	Selective aortic arch perfusion with fresh whole blood or HBOC-201 reverses hemorrhage-induced traumatic cardiac arrest in a lethal model of noncompressible torso hemorrhage.	J Trauma Acute Care Surg	OR	Selective aortic arch perfusion (Swith oxygenated fresh whole blood (FWB) has been previously shown to improve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). FWB is not always readily available in the pre-hospital setting, and it is not known if hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) are as efficacious. This study highlights how SAAP therapy with FWB or HBOC-201 in a swine model of HiTCA is (1) efficacious at achieving ROSC and (2) the possibility of converting to low-flow extracorporeal life support during management of HiTCA.
	Gazmuri RJ	Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger Isoform-1 Inhibition: A Promising Pharmacological Intervention for Resuscitation from Cardiac Arrest.	Molecules	RE	The introduction of oxygenated blood to ischemic myocardial tissue results in further reperfusion injury. Cessation of coronary blood flow during CA leads to myocardial ischemia and accumulation of Ca2 + . Excess cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ results in cell injury due to oxidative phosphorylation, release of pro-apoptotic factors, and increased mitochondrial inner membrane porosity. Attenuation of myocardial reperfusion injury can improve CA outcomes.
Epidemiology & Public Health	Czarnecki A	Association Between Hospital Teaching Status and Outcomes After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.	Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes	OR	Teaching hospital patients had more positive Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) outcomes then those treated at a non-teaching hospital.
	Nas J	Effect of Face-to-Face vs Virtual Reality Training on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality: A Randomized Clinical Trial	JAMA Cardiol	OR	This randomized noninferiority trial compared virtual reality (VR) cardiopulmonary resuscitation training to face-to-face training. VR training was shown to yield lower quality CPR than face-to-face training, with similar chest compression rate but inferior chest compression depth.
	Berger C	Combination of problem-based learning with high-fidelity simulation in CPR training improves short and long-term CPR skills: a randomised single blinded trial.	BMC Med Educ	OR	This prospective, randomized single-blind interventional study finds that a problem-based learning cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training leads to significantly improved CPR performance as compared with classical CPR training immediately following instruction. However, after six months the differences in performance are far less pronounced.
	Neves Briard J	Automated External Defibrillator Geolocalization with a Mobile Application, Verbal Assistance or No Assistance: A Pilot Randomized Simulation (AED G- MAP)	Prehosp Emerg Care	OR	Verbally providing the location of the nearest public automated external defibrillator to out of hospital cardiac arrest bystanders in a simulated environment seems effective in reducing the time to defibrillation compared to no assistance and to an automated external defibrillator geolocalizing mobile app.
	Bylow H	Self-learning training versus instructor-led training for basic life support: A cluster randomised trial.	Resuscitation	OR	There is no statistically significant difference in practical skills or willingness to act in a real-life OHCA situation when comparing self-learning training with instructor-led training, six months after training in BLS.
	Xu Y	An audio-visual review model enhanced one-year retention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills and knowledge: A randomized controlled trial	Int J Nurs Stud	OR	Audio-visual and audio-visual-practice review models revealed better 12-month retention on cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills and knowledge for family members of people at higher risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
	Haukilahti MAE	Sudden Cardiac Death in Women.	Circulation	OR	We demonstrated that women were more likely to experience nonischemic SCD than men, with PMF a remarkably more common cause of death among women than in men.
	Heard DG	Hands-Only Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Education: A Comparison of On-Screen With Compression Feedback, Classroom, and Video Education.	Ann Emerg Med	OR	Hands-only CPR training using a kiosk results in skill acquisition and performance similar to that of traditional classroom training; both superior to video training. Hands-only CPR can be used for regular training and retraining of laypeople to increase bystander CPR.
	Hsieh YC	Hypoglycaemic episodes increase the risk of ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac arrest in patients with type 2 diabetes-A nationwide cohort study.	Diabetes Metab Res Rev	OR	Hypoglycemic episodes (HEs) in patients with type 2 diabetes increase the risk of ventricular arrythmia and sudden cardiac arrest compared to those who do not experience HEs.
	Gonzalez-Salvado V	Training Adult Laypeople in Basic Life Support. A Systematic Review	Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed)	RE	There is no single a gold standard for BLS, findings from a systematic review article.
	Chen KY	Interventions to improve the quality of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A systematic review	PLoS One	RE	This systematic review finds bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality is improved with assistance by telephone dispatchers, compression only instructions, mobile apps, and real-time feedback devices. Mobile device and video use may delay initiation of chest compressions, however.
Prehospital Resuscitation, Technology & Care Processes	Harari Y	Paramedic equipment bags: How their position during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) affect paramedic ergonomics and performance.	Appl Ergon	OR	Effective equipment handling and positioning have the potential for both reducing work-related injuries and improving performance efficiency.
	Teo MHN	The use of dispatcher assistance in improving the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A randomised controlled trial.	Resuscitation	OR	Dispatcher assisted CPR has potential to improve CPR quality in medical professionals and lay persons.
	Grunau B	North American validation of the Bokutoh criteria for withholding professional resuscitation in non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest	Resuscitation	OR	The Bokutoh criteria allow reliable identification of the approximately 1/5 of patients in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest unlikely to benefit from EMS initiated resuscitation.
	Nas J	Diagnostic performance of the basic and advanced life support termination of resuscitation rules: A systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis.	Resuscitation	RE	A meta-analysis that looks at different termination of resuscitation (TOR-rules) for BLS and ALS in different regions with focus on key arrest characteristics for the particular TOR-rules.
	Lalande E	Is point of care ultrasound a reliable predictor of outcome during atraumatic, non-shockable cardiac arrest? A systematic review and meta-analysis from the SHoC investigators	Resuscitation	RE	PoCUS has become a useful tool in predicting ROSC, survival to admission, and survival to discharge from the hospital in adult patients who are suffering from out of hospital non-traumatic cardiac arrest with arrhythmias consistent with pulseless PEA and asystole.
	Miraglia D	The evolving role of novel treatment techniques in the management of patients with refractory VF/pVT out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.	Am J Emerg Med	RE	Although the early results are promising, the current evidence is not strong for large-scale adoption of ECMO, esmolol, double sequential defibrillation, and stellate ganglion block as treatments for refractory ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardia.
	Liu M	Mechanical chest compression with LUCAS device does not improve clinical outcome in out of hospital cardiac arrest patients	Medicine (Baltimore)	RE	Mechanical compression devices such as the LUCAS may provide consistent chest compressions, however, controversy exists over the quality of compressions automatic mechanical devices can deliver.
	Perkins GD	The effects of adrenaline in out of hospital cardiac arrest with shockable and non-shockable rhythms: Findings from the PACA and PARAMEDIC-2 randomised controlled trials.	Resuscitation	RE	Administration of adrenaline during OHCA significantly increases ROSC in non-shockable rhythms.
	Ng KT	The effect of prehospital epinephrine in out of hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis	Prehosp Disaster Med	RE	The use of epinephrine by prehospital providers increases return of spontaneous circulation and survival to discharge from the hospital, but at time of discharge no significant neurologic improvement is seen.
In-Hospital Resuscitation & Post-Arrest Care Processes	Beck S	Basic life support training using shared mental models improves team performance of first responders on normal wards: a randomised controlled simulation trial	Resuscitation	OR	A randomized controlled simulation trial demonstrated that Basic Life Support training focusing on team-based learning and group interaction reduces hands-off time.
	Goharani R	Real-time compression feedback for patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest: a multi-center randomized controlled clinical trial	J Intensive Care	OR	Use of the Cardio First Angel™, a hand-held chest compression feedback device, during in-hospital cardiac arrest improves patient survival and hospital discharge.
	Bartlett ES	Systematic review and meta-analysis of intravascular temperature management vs. surface cooling in comatose patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest.	Resuscitation	RE	Favorable neurologic outcome was significantly greater in post-cardiac arrest patients with the use of intravascular cooling methods, as compared to surface cooling methods, for induced hypothermia.
	Gottlieb M	Beta-blockade for the treatment of cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.	Resuscitation	RE	Three studies demonstrated that when initial advanced cardiac life support measures fail in cardiac arrest patients with ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia, the use of beta-blockers may increase the likelihood for temporary or sustained return of spontaneous circulation, survival-to-discharge, survival-to-admission, and favorable neurologic outcome. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate these findings.
	Barbarawi M	Optimal timing of coronary intervention in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest without ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI): A systematic review and meta-analysis.	Resuscitation	RE	Coronary angiography, whether immediate or delayed, was found to increase both short- and long-term survival, as well as provide increased favorable neurological outcomes, among non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction cardiac arrest patients.
	Kyriazopoulou E	Sinus Bradycardia During Targeted Temperature Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.	Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag	RE	Sinus bradycardia was associated with significant decreases in patient mortality and favorably affects neurological function in post-cardiac arrest patients.
	Calabro L	Effect of different methods of cooling for targeted temperature management on outcome after cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis.	Crit Care	RE	This meta-analysis of targeted temperature management techniques demonstrated lower probability of unfavorable neurological outcome for core, invasive, and temperature feedback devices, when compared to their respective counterparts.
	Chen Z	Clinical Efficacy of Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Adults with Cardiac Arrest: Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis.	Biomed Res Int	RE	A meta-analysis comparing efficacy of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) with traditional CPR found that cardiac arrest patients who received ECPR had improved survival and neurological outcome.
	Couper K	Prophylactic antibiotic use following cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis.	Resuscitation	RE	Many patients who are successfully resuscitated following cardiac arrest often suffer from infective complications in the intensive care unit. The use of prophylactic or early antibiotics has therapeutic potential for reducing infective complications in post cardiac arrest patients.
Prognostication & Outcomes	Jentzer JC	Cardiogenic Shock Classification to Predict Mortality in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit.	J Am Coll Cardiol	OR	The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention (SCAI) classification scheme may be useful in the risk stratification of patients with cardiogenic shock, as SCAI shock stage is independently associated with all-cause hospital mortality.
	Petek BJ	Reexamination of the UN10 Rule to Discontinue Resuscitation During In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest	JAMA Netw Open	OR	The UN10 rule, a clinical decision rule for termination of resuscitation following in-hospital cardiac arrest, may have less predictive utility than suggested in previous studies.
	Fernando SM	Pre-arrest and intra-arrest prognostic factors associated with survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: systematic review and meta-analysis.	BMJ	RE	In patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest, male sex, age greater than 60, active malignancy, and chronic kidney disease are highly predictive of early mortality. Cardiac arrests that are witnessed, in monitored patients, occurred during daytime hours, with a shockable rhythm and those that do not require intubation during arrest are associated with higher early survival.
	Shin H	Procalcitonin as a prognostic marker for outcomes in post cardiac arrest patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis	Resuscitation	RE	This systematic review and meta-analysis compared 10 studies with a total of 1065 patients and found that there was a positive correlation with procalcitonin levels drawn within 0-48 hours of hospital admission and in-hospital mortality as well as poor neurologic outcome.
	Lopez Soto C	Imaging for Neuroprognostication After Cardiac Arrest: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis	Neurocrit Care	RE	Lower gray-white ratio on noncontrasted head CT is highly specific (though carries a suboptimal sensitivity) for predicting poor neurologic outcomes post-cardiac arrest, whereas Diffusion Weighted Imaging on brain MRI has a higher sensitivity (at an expense of higher false positive rates or inaccurate predictions of outcome) for severe hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
Pediatrics	Kim CW	Effect of metronome guidance on infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation	Eur J Pediatr	OR	In an infant CPR model, use of a metronome significantly increased the percentage of adequate chest compression rates, in both two-finger and two-thumb techniques, while maintaining adequate chest compression depth.
	Duff JP	2019 American Heart Association Focused Update on Pediatric Advanced Life Support: An Update to the American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care	Pediatrics	RE	This review summarizes findings and publishes updated recommendations based on systemic reviews of 1) advanced airway management in pediatric out of hospital cardiac arrest, 2) extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation following pediatric cardiac arrest and 3) targeted temperature management during post-cardiac arrest care.
	Soar J	2019 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task …	Circulation	RE	The Pediatric Task Force of the ILCOR systemically reviews and grades recent, peer-reviewed, published cardiopulmonary resuscitation science. This 3rd focused update summarizes findings supporting dispatcher-assisted CPR guidance to improve survival for pediatric patients suffering OHCA.
Interdisciplinary Guidelines & Reviews	Nas J	Meta-Analysis Comparing Cardiac Arrest Outcomes Before and After Resuscitation Guideline Updates	Am J Cardiol	RE	Updates to cardiopulmonary resuscitation guidelines in 2005 and 2010 are associated with improved rates of return of spontaneous circulation, survival to admission, survival to discharge, and favorable neurologic outcome.
	Granfeldt A	Advanced Airway Management during Adult Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review	Resuscitation	RE	Despite a need for clarity on the most effective airway management strategy, current studies have high risk of bias and significant heterogeneity which precludes a systematic examination and conclusion on best practice.
	Panchal AR	2019 American Heart Association Focused Update on Systems of Care: Dispatcher-Assisted Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Cardiac Arrest Centers	Circulation	RE	Dispatcher-assisted CPR is associated with improved survival and neurologic outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Post-arrest care in specialized cardiac arrest centers may also improve survival and outcomes.
	Holmberg MJ	Vasopressors during Adult Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	Resuscitation	RE	Standard dose epinephrine boluses improve survival after sudden cardiac arrest, especially in patients with non-shockable initial rhythms. Vasopressin and vasopressin plus epinephrine do not appear to improve survival compared to epinephrine only.