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. 2021 Jun 9;2(1):255–269. doi: 10.1089/neur.2020.0065

Table 2.

Descriptive Characteristics by K-Modes Cluster of Patients with Moderate and Severe TBI

Cluster (n) M¯ age (SD) in years Male Caucasiana (African-American) Median hospital days M¯ GCS score on admission
Behavioral Risk (total n = 11,474), consisting of two subgroups
1. No PECs reported (6,387, 56%) 33 (14.3) 78% 83% (11%) 10 5.6
  % of group endorsing trait % only endorsing this trait
No PECs reported   100% 100%
2. PEC-positive (5087, 44%) 41 (17.4) 77% 81% (15%) 9 6.1  
  % of group endorsing trait % only endorsing this trait  
Chronic alcohol abuse
Substance use disorder
35% 23%  
22% 15%  
Psychiatric and Substance Use Risk (2523) 39 (15.9) 65% 89% (9%) 10 6.1  
PEC sub-categoriesb % of cluster endorsing trait % only endorsing this trait  
Diagnosed psychiatric/Personality disorder
Chronic alcohol abuse
Substance use disorder
Current smoker
Diagnosed ADHD
Respiratory disease or COPD
91% 31%  
25% 0%  
19% 0%  
14% 0%  
10% 4%  
10% 0%  
Cardiovascular Risk (3903) 64 (17.2) 67% 87% (11%) 11 6.8  
PEC sub-categories % of cluster endorsing trait % only endorsing this trait  
Hypertension requiring medication
Coronary artery disease
Chronic alcohol abuse
Diabetes mellitus
Diagnosed psychiatric/Personality disorder
Obesity
Respiratory disease or COPD
89% 18%  
22% 3%  
17% 0%  
16% 0%  
15% 0%  
10% 0%  
14% 0%  
Elevated Cardiovascular and Neuropsychiatric Risk (831) 72 (15.7) 50% 89% (9%) 7 8.3  
PEC sub-categories % of cluster endorsing trait % only endorsing this trait  
Hypertension requiring medication
Diagnosed psychiatric/Personality disorder
Diabetes mellitus
Dementia
CVA/Hemiparesis (stroke with residual)
Coronary artery disease
Anticoagulant therapy
Respiratory disease or COPD
Seizures
Functionally dependent health status
Congestive heart failure
Arthritis
Obesity
Chronic alcohol abuse
History of cardiac surgery
Advanced directive-limited care
87% 0%  
71% 0%  
66% 0%  
49%c 0%  
31% 0%  
33% 0%  
29%d 0%  
19% 0%  
14% 0%  
14% 0%  
14% 0%  
11% 0%  
11%
11%
0%
0%
 
10.5% 0%
0%
 
10%  
a

Race data were not available for all participants.

b

PEC sub-categories were those endorsed by at least 10% of the cluster.

c

Coding changes over the lifetime of the PTOS database collapsed previously separate codes for 1. Alzheimer's disease and 2. chronic dementia, into a new third code for Dementia. The percentage in this table is the sum of those three subcategories.

d

Coding collapsed previously separate codes for Anticoagulant therapy, Anti-platelet agents, and Pradaxa therapy in to one new code for Anticoagulant therapy. The percentage in this table is the sum of those four subcategories.

ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; PEC, pre-exisiting health condition; PTOS, Pennsylvania Trauma Outcomes Study; SD, standard deviation; TBI, traumatic brain injury.