Table 5.

Application of genetically modified MSCs in other GI cancer therapy

Cancer	Transfected gene	Source of MSCs	Vector	Anti-cancer effects	ref
OC	TRAIL	Human BMSCs	Lentivirus	Increased cancer cell apoptosis in vitro and significantly reduce tumor growth and metastasis in vivo.	(137)
OC	IFN-β	Human GMSCs	Lentivirus	Inhibited proliferation of TSCC cells and increased apoptosis. Decreased tumor volume and lowered number of cancer cells in vivo.	(139)
OC	TRAIL	Human GMSCs	Lentivirus	In vitro: increased cell death and apoptosis. In vivo: reduced and inhibited TSCC growth.	(138)
ESCC	miR-375	Human UCMSCs	Plasmid	Suppressed ESCC cell proliferation, invasion, migration, tumorsphere formation, and increased apoptosis in vitro, furthermore decreased tumor growth in vivo.	(141)
ESCC	TRAIL	Human BMSCs	Adenovirus	Inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in vitro also repressed tumor growth in vivo	(140)
GC	CD	Human BMSCs	Plasmid	Anticancer activity in cell line and decreased tumor volume in a mouse model	(142)
GC	TNF-α	Human UCMSCs	Lentivirus	Inhibited gastric cancers growth in vivo	(143)
GC	LIGHT (TNFSF14)	Human UCMSCs	Lentivirus	Inhibited tumor growth and increased necrosis in vivo.	(146)
GC	NK4	Human BMSCs	Lentivirus	Migration ability and anti-cancer activity in cell line and gastric cancer xenografts model.	(147)

OC: Oral cancer; ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; GC: Gastric cancer; BMSCs: Bone marrow-derived MSCs; UCMSCs: Umbilical cord-derived MSCs; GMSCs: Gingival-derived MSCs; MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; GI cancer: Gastrointestinal cancers