Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jun 30.
Published in final edited form as: Nutr Cancer. 2019 Jun 1;72(1):74–87. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1619783

Table 3.

Sulforaphane metabolite level changes in urine and plasma from pre- to post-treatment by treatment group among a random sample of subjects in the study (n = 98 randomized with n = 86 having urine/plasma).

BSE
Mean (SE)		 Placebo
Mean (SE)		 p3
Variables from Urine
Preintervention n= 42 Postintervention n= 42 Changes2 n= 42 Preintervention
 Postintervention
 Changes2 n= 44
n= 44 n= 44
Total Urine Metabolites1 0.05 (0.02) 4.80 (0.65) 4.75 (0.64) 0.04 (0.01) 0.01 (0.003) −0.02 (0.01) <0.0001
SFN 0.002 (0.001) 0.66 (0.16) 0.66 (0.16) 0.0007 (0.0003) 0.0007 (0.0003) 0.00005 (0.0003) <0.0001
SFN-NAC 0.04 (0.01) 2.90 (0.41) 2.87 (0.40) 0.03 (0.01) 0.004 (0.002) −0.02 (0.01) <0.0001
SFN-Cys 0.008 (0.003) 1.23 (0.19) 1.22 (0.19) 0.008 (0.002) 0.005 (0.001) −0.003 (0.002) <0.0001
SFN-GSH 0.00 (0.00) 0.0002 (0.0001) 0.0002 (0.0001) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.08
SFN-CG 0.003 (0.001) 0.005 (0.001) 0.002 (0.002) 0.004 (0.001) 0.004 (0.001) 0.0005 (0.002) 0.73
Variables from Plasma
Preintervention n = 42 Postintervention n = 42 Changes n = 42 Preintervention n = 44 Postintervention n = 44 Changes n = 44
Total Plasma Metabolites 0.0002 (0.0002) 0.12 (0.03) 0.12 (0.03) 0.0003 (0.0002) 0.00 (0.00) −0.0003 (0.0002) <0.0001
SFN 0.00 (0.00) 0.0001 (0.0001) 0.0001 (0.0001) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.32
SFN-NAC 0.00 (0.00) 0.03 (0.01) 0.03 (0.01) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) <0.0001
SFN-Cys 0.00 (0.00) 0.02 (0.01) 0.02 (0.01) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) <0.0001
SFN-GSH 0.00 (0.00) 0.03 (0.01) 0.03 (0.01) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) <0.0001
SFN-CG 0.00 (0.00) 0.04 (0.01) 0.04 (0.01) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) <0.0001
1

Urinary SFN metabolite concentration units = micromolar (μM) concentrations of urinary SFN metabolite/millimolar (mM) concentrations of urinary creatinine. Plasma SFN metabolite concentrations are shown in micromolar (μM) concentrations.

2

Change = postintervention level minus preintervention level.

3

P values were calculated for difference of change in means across treatment groups. Mann–Whitney U-test was used for all the rest of the variables due to non-normal distribution.