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. 2021 Jun 30;7(27):eabh3032. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abh3032

Fig. 4. Proguanil and sulfasalazine reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication and p38/MAPK signaling activity.

Fig. 4

(A) RT-qPCR analysis of the indicated mRNA (envelope, E-protein) from Vero E6 cells pretreated with the indicated drugs and concentrations for 3 hours before infection with SARS-CoV-2 for 24 hours. Student’s t test. Means + SD of three independent replicates are shown. (B and C) RT-qPCR analysis of indicated mRNA (envelope, E-protein) from Vero E6 cells pretreated with proguanil or sulfasalazine at indicated concentrations for 3 hours before infection with SARS-CoV-2 for 24 hours. Student’s t test. Means + SD of three independent replicates are shown. (D and E) RT-qPCR analysis of indicated mRNA (envelope, E-protein) from Calu-3 cells pretreated with proguanil or sulfasalazine at indicated concentrations for 3 hours before infection with SARS-CoV-2 for 24 hours. Student’s t test. Means + SD of three independent replicates are shown. (F) Western blot analysis of phosphorylated MAPKAPK2 (Thr334) in mock-, DMSO-, sulfasalazine-, or proguanil-treated Vero E6 cells at indicated concentrations for 3 hours before infection with SARS-CoV-2 for 24 hours. (G to J) RT-qPCR analysis of the indicated mRNAs from Calu-3 cells pretreated with proguanil or sulfasalazine at indicated concentrations for 3 hours before infection with SARS-CoV-2 for 24 hours. Student’s t test. Means + SD of three independent replicates are shown.