Table 3.
Effect of ethyl acetate and ethanolic extract of A. vulgaris leaves at different altitudes, at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, and indomethacin in comparison to the formalin control group in the formalin-induced paw edema model using a Vernier caliper.
| Groups | Dose (ml/kg) p.o. | Change in paw thickness (mm) ± SD (% inhibition) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 hours | 1 hour | 2 hours | 3 hours | 24 hours | 48 hours | 72 hours | ||
| I-normal control | 500 µL | 1.5 ± 0.01 | 1.5 ± 0.02 | 1.5 ± 0.02 | 1.5 ± 0.01 | 1.5 ± 0.01 | 1.6 ± 0.02 | 1.6 ± 0.02 |
|
| ||||||||
| II-formalin control | 2 ml/kg | 2.4 ± 0.03 | 4.6 ± 0.05 | 4.6 ± 0.05, | 4.6 ± 0.05, | 4.0 ± 0.04 | 3.7 ± 0.04 | 3.7 ± 0.04 |
|
| ||||||||
| III-indomethacin | 5 mg/kg | 1.7 ± 0.04 29.16 ± 1.6% |
3.0 ± 0.03 34.78 ± 0.6% |
2.7 ± 0.08 41.30 ± 1.7% |
2.6 ± 0.03 43.48 ± 0.6% |
2.1 ± 0.05 47.50 ± 1.2% |
1.6 ± 0.05 56.75 ± 1.3% |
1.6 ± 0.06 56.75 ± 1.6% |
|
| ||||||||
| IV-AVTREE | 200 mg/kg | 2.2 ± 0.05 8.33 ± 2.0% |
4.3 ± 0.07 6.52 ± 1.5% |
3.7 ± 0.05 19.56 ± 1.0% |
3.2 ± 0.03 30.43 ± 0.6% |
2.7 ± 0.06 32.50 ± 1.5% |
2.2 ± 0.05 40.54 ± 1.3% |
2.2 ± 0.07 40.54 ± 1.9% |
|
| ||||||||
| V-AVTREE | 400 mg/kg | 2.0 ± 0.07 16.66 ± 2.9% |
3.54 ± 0.04 23.04 ± 0.8% |
3.2 ± 0.09 30.43 ± 1.9% |
3.0 ± 0.06 34.78 ± 1.3% |
2.5 ± 0.08 37.50 ± 2.0% |
2.0 ± 0.05 45.94 ± 1.3% |
2.0 ± 0.09 45.94 ± 2.4% |
|
| ||||||||
| VI-AVTREAE | 200 mg/kg | 2.4 ± 0.08 0 ± 0.8% |
4.5 ± 0.05 2.17 ± 1.0% |
4.4 ± 0.06 4.35 ± 1.3% |
3.4 ± 0.02 26.08 ± 0.4% |
3.0 ± 0.07 25.0 ± 1.7% |
2.5 ± 0.07 32.43 ± 1.9% |
2.3 ± 0.08 37.83 ± 2.1% |
|
| ||||||||
| VII-AVTREAE | 400 mg/kg | 2.2 ± 0.05 8.33 ± 2.0% |
4.3 ± 0.02 6.52 ± 0.4% |
3.5 ± 0.07 23.91 ± 1.5% |
3.2 ± 0.06 30.43 ± 1.3% |
2.8 ± 0.06 30.0 ± 1.5% |
2.2 ± 0.06 40.54 ± 1.6% |
2.2 ± 0.05 40.54 ± 1.3% |
|
| ||||||||
| VIII-AVSTREE | 200 mg/kg | 2.0 ± 0.01 16.66 ± 0.4% |
3.7 ± 0.03 19.56 ± 0.6% |
3.2 ± 0.03 30.43 ± 0.6% |
3.0 ± 0.07 34.78 ± 1.5% |
2.5 ± 0.05 37.5 ± 1.2% |
2.0 ± 0.07 45.94 ± 1.9% |
2.0 ± 0.05 45.94 ± 1.3% |
|
| ||||||||
| IX-AVSTREE | 400 mg/kg | 1.8 ± 0.02 25.0 ± 0.8% |
3.3 ± 0.05 28.26 ± 1.0% |
3.0 ± 0.03 34.78 ± 0.6% |
2.8 ± 0.06 39.13 ± 1.3% |
2.3 ± 0.04 42.5 ± 1.0% |
1.8 ± 0.07 51.35 ± 1.9% |
1.8 ± 0.03 51.35 ± 0.8% |
|
| ||||||||
| X-AVSTREAE | 200 mg/kg | 2.0 ± 0.05 16.66 ± 2.0% |
4.0 ± 0.07 13.04 ± 1.5% |
3.5 ± 0.07 23.91 ± 1.5% |
3.2 ± 0.03 30.43 ± 0.6% |
2.7 ± 0.06 32.5 ± 1.5% |
2.5 ± 0.08 32.43 ± 2.2% |
2.1 ± 0.05 43.24 ± 1.3% |
|
| ||||||||
| XI-AVSTREAE | 400 mg/kg | 1.8 ± 0.03 25.0 ± 1.2% |
3.7 ± 0.04 19.56 ± 0.9% |
3.2 ± 0.03 30.43 ± 0.6% |
3.0 ± 0.03 34.78 ± 0.6% |
2.5 ± 0.04 37.5 ± 1.00% |
2.3 ± 0.09 37.84 ± 2.4% |
2.0 ± 0.08 45.94 ± 2.2% |
|
| ||||||||
| XII-AVTEE | 200 mg/kg | 1.9 ± 0.01 20.83 ± 0.4% |
3.6 ± 0.07 21.74 ± 1.5% |
3.2 ± 0.01 30.43 ± 0.2% |
3.0 ± 0.02 34.78 ± 0.4% |
2.5 ± 0.06 37.5 ± 1.5% |
1.9 ± 0.06 48.64 ± 1.6% |
1.9 ± 0.03 48.64 ± 0.8% |
|
| ||||||||
| XIII-AVTEE | 400 mg/kg | 1.7 ± 0.06 29.16 ± 2.5% |
3.2 ± 0.06, 30.43 ± 1.3% |
2.9 ± 0.03 36.95 ± 0.6% |
2.8 ± 0.04 39.13 ± 1.3% |
2.2 ± 0.09 45.0 ± 2.2% |
1.7 ± 0.05 54.05 ± 1.3% |
1.7 ± 0.04 54.05 ± 1.1% |
|
| ||||||||
| XIV-AVTEAE | 200 mg/kg | 2.0 ± 0.01 16.66 ± 0.4% |
3.9 ± 0.02 15.22 ± 0.4% |
3.4 ± 0.05 26.08 ± 1.0% |
3.0 ± 0.03 34.78 ± 0.6% |
2.6 ± 0.04 35.0 ± 1.0% |
2.4 ± 0.04 35.13 ± 1.1% |
2.0 ± 0.03 45.94 ± 0.8% |
|
| ||||||||
| XV-AVTEAE | 400 mg/kg | 1.8 ± 0.02 25.0 ± 0.8% |
3.5 ± 0.01 23.91 ± 0.2% |
3.2 ± 0.02 30.43 ± 0.4% |
2.9 ± 0.02 36.95 ± 0.4% |
2.5 ± 0.03 37.5 ± 1.2% |
2.1 ± 0.04 43.24 ± 1.1% |
1.9 ± 0.04 48.64 ± 1.1% |
All the results are expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 5. All the values are statistically significant at p < 0.05 in comparison to formalin. AVTREE: A. vulgaris tropical ethanolic extract, AVTREAE: A. vulgaris tropical ethyl acetate extract, AVSTREE: A. vulgaris subtropical ethanolic extract, AVSTREAE: A. vulgaris subtropical ethyl acetate extract, AVTEE: A. vulgaris temperate ethanolic extract, and AVTEAE: A. vulgaris temperate ethyl acetate extract.